1、Designation: D4439 17D4439 18Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotext
3、ile FiltersD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by PermittivityD4533/D4533M Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of GeotextilesD4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of
4、Temperature on Stability of GeotextilesD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip MethodD4632/D4632M Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of GeotextilesD4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Tra
5、nsmissivity of aGeosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD4751 Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a GeotextileD4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of GeosyntheticsD4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related ProductsD4873D4873
6、/D4873M Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and SamplesD4884/D4884M Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of GeotextilesD4885 Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile MethodD5101 Test Method for Measuring
7、the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5141 Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment RetentionDeviceD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice
8、 for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to LiquidsD5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus for Polyethylene GeomembranesD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Ten
9、sileLoad TestD5494 Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected GeomembranesD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of GeosyntheticsD5514/D5514M Test Method for Large-Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of GeosyntheticsD5567 Test Method for Hydra
10、ulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD5594 Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)D5617 Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for GeosyntheticsD5641D5641/D564
11、1M Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum ChamberD5747/D5747M Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsD5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of GeosyntheticsD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel E
12、valuation of Dual-Seamed GeomembranesD5994/D5994M Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Textured Geomembranes1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017April 1
13、5, 2018. Published August 2017May 2018. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 asD4439 15a.D4439 17. DOI: 10.1520/D4439-17.10.1520/D4439-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
14、nual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not b
15、e technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 Federal Standard:3Federal Standard 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings2. Terminologyabsorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a p
17、orous solid body resulting from penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerobic, na condition in which a measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or sy
18、stem. D1987apparent opening size (AOS), O95, nfor a geotextile, a property which indicates the approximate largest particle that wouldeffectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21
19、62 C (70(70 6 4 F). D4439, D4751, D5494back flushing, na process by which liquid is forced in the reverse direction to the flow direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense of mass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural or manufactured
20、shape into a curve or into increased curvature. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. D1987bituminous geosynthetic barrier (GBR-B), nfactory-produced structure of geosynthetic materials in the form of a sheet inwhich the barrier function is fulfilled by bitumen.bl
21、inding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particles block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing thehydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439breaking force, (F), J,nthe force at failure. D4885breaking load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried t
22、o rupture. D4632/D4632Mbreaking toughness, T, (FL1),Jm2, nfor geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack. D5322clogging, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particles move into and are retain
23、ed in the openings of the fabric, therebyreducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a given geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that haveeither lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up a restrictive layer on the sur
24、face of the geotextile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm),nthickness under a specified stress applied normal to the material. D4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), na testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being appliedto the specimen is uniform with time
25、after the first 3 s. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specified elongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747/D5747Mcreep, nthe time-dependent increase in accumulative strain in a material resulting
26、 from an applied constant force. D5262critical height (ch),nthe maximum exposed height of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a geosyntheticat a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given period of time. D5514/D5514Mcross-machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the
27、fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture. D4632/D4632Mdensity (, (ML3), kg/m3),nmass per unit volume. D4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required to operate in order to perform its intended function. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics, the stress intensity at which stre
28、ss and deformation of a material subjected to an increasing forcecease to be proportional; the limit of stress within which a material will return to its original size and shape when the force isremoved, and hence, not a permanent set. D48853 Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 R
29、obbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.D4439 182elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to the breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632/D4632Mfailure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases to be functionally capable of its intended use. D48
30、85, D5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D5514/D5514Mfield testing, ntesting performed in the field under actual conditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids for which theimmersion testing is being performed. D5496f
31、illdeprecated term, see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric. D4439flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secant modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000(40 000 psi) as determined byPractice D5323, produced by polymerization of pr
32、opylene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associated with a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve. D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphical representation of the relationship between the magnitude of an external
33、lyapplied force and the change in length of the specimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym for stress-strain curve.)D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymeric materia
34、l used in geotechnical engineering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network of integrally connected elements with apertures greater than 6.35 mm (14in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil, rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to function primarily asreinforc
35、ement. D5262geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosynthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873D4873/D4873M, D4885, D5994/D5994M, D5820geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles for planardrainage
36、of liquids or gases. D4439geostrippolymeric material in the form of a strip of width not more than 200 mm (7.87 in.), used in contact with soil or othermaterials in geotechnical and civil engineering applications, or both.geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from polymeric material used with
37、 soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnicalengineering related material as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759, D4873D4873/D4873M, D5617, D5818geosynthetic barrierlow-permeability geosynthetic material, used in geotechnical and civil engineering applications with
38、 thepurpose of reducing or preventing the flow of fluid through the construction.geosynthetic barrier clay (GBR-C), nfactory-produced structure of geosynthetic materials in the form of a sheet, in which thebarrier function is fulfilled by clay.geosynthetic barrier polymeric (GBR-P), nfactory-produce
39、d structure of geosynthetic materials in the form of a sheet, inwhich the barrier function is fulfilled by polymers.geosynthetic cementitious composite mat (GCCM), na factory-assembled geosynthetic composite consisting of a cementitiousmaterial contained within layer or layers of geosynthetic materi
40、als that becomes hardened when hydrated.geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application of geotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific me
41、thods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and use ofknowledge of materials of the earths crust to the solution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491/D4491M, D4595,D4716/D4716M, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.DISCUSSIOND4439 183Geote
42、xtiles perform several functions in geotechnical engineering applications, including: separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, andprotection. D1987, D4439, D5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only a part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.D4632/D463
43、2Mgradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the ratio of the hydraulic gradient through a soil-geotextile system to the hydraulic gradientthrough the soil alone. D5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product driven predominately by a differencein elevation b
44、etween the inlet and outflow points of a specimen. D4716/D4716Mhead, npressure at a point in a liquid, expressed in terms of the vertical distance of the point below the surface of the liquid.D4716/D4716Mhydraulic conductivity (k),nthe rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through
45、 a unit cross-sectional area ofa porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20 C). D5567hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR),nthe ratio of the hydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg, at any time duringthe test, to the initial hydraulic conducti
46、vity, ksgo, measured at the beginning of the test (NEW).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic head per unit distance of flow, dH/dL. D5101hydraulic transmissivity, (L2 T1),nfor a geotextile or related product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit width ofspecimen per unit gradient
47、in a direction parallel to the plane of the specimen. D4716/D4716Mhydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which all the principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as in a liquidat rest; induced artificially by means of a gaged pressure system; the product of the unit weight of
48、the liquid and the differencein elevation between the given point and the free water elevation. D5514/D5514Mindex test, na test procedure which may contain a known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a set of specimenswith respect to the property of interest. D4833/D4833M, D4885infl
49、ection point, nthe first point of the force-elongation curve at which the second derivative equals zero. D4885initial tensile modulus, Jp (FL1), Nm1,nfor geosynthetics, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to the change inelongation of the initial portion of a force-elongation curve. D4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product. D4716/D4716Mintegral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessary part of the whole; constituen
