1、Designation: D 4442 92 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Methods forDirect Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4442; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test met
3、hods cover the determination of themoisture content (MC) of solid wood, veneer, and otherwood-base materials, including those that contain adhesivesand chemical additives. The test methods below describeprimary (A) and secondary (B through D) procedures tomeasure moisture content:Method APrimary Ove
4、n-Drying MethodMethod BSecondary Oven-Drying MethodMethod CDistillation (Secondary) MethodMethod DOther Secondary Methods.1.2 The primary oven-drying method (Method A) is in-tended as the sole primary method. It is structured for researchpurposes where the highest accuracy or degree of precision isn
5、eeded.1.3 The secondary methods (B through D) are intended forspecial purposes or under circumstances where the primaryprocedure is not desired or justified. In these procedures,moisture content values cannot be reported with an accuracygreater than integer percentage values. However, a greaterlevel
6、 of accuracy may be reported if the appropriate primaryprocedures are used.1.4 Distillation (secondary) method is intended for use withmaterials that have been chemically treated or impregnatedsuch that the oven-drying procedures introduce greater errorthan desired in the results.1.5 This standard d
7、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
8、andards:D9 Terminology Relating to Wood2D 4933 Guide for Moisure Conditioning of Wood andWood-Base Materials23. Terminology3.1 Definition:3.1.1 moisture contentthe amount of water contained inthe wood, usually expressed as a percentage of the mass of theoven-dry wood (in accordance with Terminology
9、D9).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe moisture content of wood or otherwood-based materials can be expressed on either as a percent-age of oven-dry mass of the sample (oven-dry basis) or as apercentage of initial mass (wet basis). The methods describedin this standard refer to the oven-dry basis. Because oven-d
10、rymass is used, moisture content values may exceed 100 %. Theterm moisture content when used with wood-based materialscan be misleading since untreated wood frequently containsvarying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives which areevaporated when determining moisture content). Definition ofthe
11、moisture content of wood is further complicated whendetermined by a thermal method because of thermal degrada-tion, which causes the final moisture-free mass to decreasefrom small but continuous losses.4. Significance and Use4.1 Moisture content is one of the most important variablesaffecting the pr
12、operties of wood and wood-base materials. Theprocedures in these test methods are structured to permit thefull range of use from fundamental research to industrialprocessing. Method A is designed for obtaining the mostprecise values of moisture content consistent with the needs ofthe user. It also p
13、rovides means of assessing variabilitycontributed by the oven or specimen hygroscopicity, or both. Inaddition, criteria are described for defining the endpoint inoven-drying. Method A is the reference (primary) standard for1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood a
14、nd are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods and Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1992. Published April 1992. Originallypublished as D 4442 84. Last previous edition D 4442 84.These test methods replace, in part, Test Methods D 2016, for Moisture Con
15、tentof Wood, discontinued 1989.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.determining moisture content of wood and wood-base materi-als. Methods B through D are secondary methods to perm
16、itrelatively simple procedures of measuring moisture content,but with less precision than Method A. However, greaterprecision may be obtained with supporting data by using theappropriate procedures in Method A.5. Method AOven-Drying (Primary)5.1 Apparatus:5.1.1 OvenA forced-convection oven that can
17、be main-tained at a temperature of 103 6 2C throughout the dryingchamber for the time required to dry the specimen to theendpoint shall be used. Ovens shall be vented to allow theevaporated moisture to escape.NOTE 1The ratio of sample mass to chamber volume and the airvelocity within the oven are no
18、t critical as long as temperature and relativehumidity within the oven are constant. Room relative humidity should beless than 70 % relative humidity, at which condition the oven is at 1.7 %relative humidity. For best precision, drying should be carried out in aconstant relative humidity room with t
19、he relative humidity as low aspossible.5.1.2 BalanceBased on a 10-g (oven-dry) specimen,minimum readability of the balance shall be determined by thedesired reporting level of precision:Reporting Precision Level, MC, % Minimum Balance Readability, mg0.01 10.05 50.1 100.5 501.0 100For other oven-dry
20、mass levels, the sensitivity requirementshall be scaled appropriately.5.2 Test MaterialAny conveniently sized wood or wood-based material can be used, consistent with the use of closedweighing jars (5.4.6) and the balance readability (5.1.2).NOTE 2If specimens contain any degree of volatilizable mat
21、erialother than water, it may be necessary to either use Method C or runMethod A and C concurrently.5.3 Calibration and StandardizationDetermination ofspecimen variability requires a separate measurement of thecontribution of variability within the oven.5.3.1 Determination of Oven VariabilityThis se
22、ction per-mits a separate evaluation of the oven variability from that ofspecimens distributed in the oven.5.3.1.1 Specimen Selection and PreparationDouglas-firshall be ground to sawdust and that fraction contained in a40/60 mesh screen used. The sample origin or drying history isnot critical. The s
23、awdust shall be tumbled in a closed containeruntil thoroughly mixed. All replicates shall be prepared at thesame time from the same batch of material. All material shallbe transferred and stored in air-tight weighing jars.5.3.1.2 EquilibrationThe moisture content of the speci-men is not important if
24、 the preparation techniques describedunder 5.3.1.1 are used. Equilibration is not required, althoughit is preferable that the material be as uniform as possible inmoisture content.5.3.1.3 Number and Location of SpecimensEach test shallconsist of a set of eight replicated specimens. These shall beloc
25、ated at third-point positions with respect to height, width,and depth of the oven cavity. With this scheme four sampleswill be positioned on each of two shelves at one third and twothirds of the cavity height.5.3.2 Determination of Combined Specimen and OvenVariabilityProcedures are the same as 5.3.
26、1.1-5.3.1.3 exceptthat specimens of any origin and size or shape can be used.Calculate variability by the equation in 5.5.2.5.3.3 ProcedureUse the primary oven-drying procedure(5.4).5.4 Procedure:5.4.1 Specimens to be equilibrated shall be processed as inGuide D 4933.5.4.2 Store specimens in individ
27、ual vapor-tight containers ifany delay could occur between sampling and weighing.5.4.3 Weigh the specimens using a balance consistent withthe desired precision (see 5.1.2).5.4.4 Place specimens in the oven within the volume testedfor oven precision.5.4.5 EndpointAssume that the endpoint has beenreac
28、hed when the mass loss in a 3-h interval is equal to or lessthan twice the selected balance sensitivity. For example, with a10-g (oven-dry) specimen, the balance sensitivity for 0.01 %MC precision is 0.1 mg (see 5.1.2), therefore, dry to 0.2 mg orless mass loss in a 3-h period.5.4.6 Handling and Wei
29、ghing ProceduresDried samplesshall be stored in a desiccator with fresh desiccant until theyhave reached room temperature. All weighings shall be carriedout using closed weighing jars.5.5 Calculations:5.5.1 Calculate moisture content as follows:MC,%5 A 2 B!/B 3 100 (1)where:A = original mass, g, and
30、B = oven-dry mass, g.ExampleA specimen of wood weighs 56.70 g. After oven-drying, the mass is 52.30 g.MC,%5 56.70 2 52.30!/52.30 3 100 (2)5 4.40/52.30! 3 100 5 8.4 %NOTE 3If wood has been treated with a nonvolatile chemical and ifthe mass of the retained chemical is known, the moisture content may b
31、edetermined as follows:MC,%5 A 2 B!/D 3 100 (3)where:D = B minus mass of retained chemical in sample.5.5.2 Calculate variance of the specimens as follows:Sw5 Sow22 So2!(4)where:Sw= specimen material variance,So= oven variance (from 5.3.1), andSow= combined specimen and oven variance (5.3.2).D 4442 9
32、2 (2003)25.6 ReportReport the following information: nominaloven-dry mass, type of material, oven variance, specimenvariance, balance sensitivity, oven model and type, and anydeviation from the prescribed method. The number of decimalplaces reported shall not exceed the precision level (5.1.2).5.7 P
33、recision and Bias:5.7.1 Precision of MeasurementBy definition, the accu-racy of measurement has been set equal to the determinedprecision of test measurement, that is, there is no assumed biasof measurement due to the inability to accurately assessmoisture content. With this approach the actual accu
34、racy maybe poorer than the stated accuracy. At this time, no data areavailable from which to report typical variances in ovens orfrom specimen material.6. Method BOven-Drying (Secondary)6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 OvenAn oven that can maintain 103 6 2C near thedrying endpoint shall be used.6.1.2 BalanceThe
35、sensitivity shall be a minimum of0.1 % of the nominal oven-dry mass of the specimen (see5.1.2).6.2 Test MaterialAny conveniently sized wood or wood-based material can be used, however, the balance readabilityshall be consistent with the desired precision (see 5.1.2 and5.3).NOTE 4If specimens contain
36、 any degree of volatilizable materialother than water, it may be necessary to either use Method C, or runMethods B and C concurrently.6.3 Calibration and StandardizationNo specific tests arerequired unless greater precision than integer moisture contentvalues are desired. See 6.7.6.4 Procedure:6.4.1
37、 Specimens to be equilibrated shall be processed as inGuide D 4933.6.4.2 Store specimens in individual vaportight containers orwrapping if any delay could occur between sampling andweighing.6.4.3 Weigh the specimens using a balance consistent withthe desired precision (see 6.1.2).6.4.4 EndpointAssum
38、e that the endpoint has beenreached when no appreciable change is noted in final massreadings made at approximately 4-h intervals.NOTE 5As a guide, an air-dry solid wood specimen about 50 by 100mm in cross section and 25 mm along the grain will usually attain“constant mass” within 24 h when dried in
39、 a forced convection oven usingthis procedure.6.4.5 Handling and Weighing ProceduresDried samplesshall be weighed as soon as possible to minimize moistureuptake.6.5 Calculation of Moisture Content:6.5.1 Calculate moisture content as follows:MC,%5 A 2 B!/B 3 100 (5)where:A = original mass, g, andB =
40、oven-dry mass, g.ExampleA specimen of wood weighed 56.7 g. Afteroven-drying, the mass was 52.3 g.MC,%5 56.7 2 52.3!/52.3 3 100 (6)5 4.4/52.3! 3 100 5 8.4Round to 8 % see 1.3 and 6.7.1!NOTE 6If wood has been treated with a nonvolatile chemical and ifthe mass of the retained chemical is known, the moi
41、sture content may bedetermined as follows:MC,%5 A 2 B!/D 3 100 (7)where:D = B minus the mass of retained chemical in sample.6.6 ReportReport the following information: Mean, stan-dard deviation, number of specimens, and any deviation fromthe method. Moisture content values shall be integer only (see
42、6.7.1).6.7 Precision and Bias:6.7.1 The precision is assumed to be no greater than6 1%moisture content for any measurement unless the appropriateprocedures in Section 5 are used.6.7.2 No bias calculations may be made from this proce-dure.7. Method CDistillation7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 Extraction FlaskA 5
43、00-mL flask and thimbleholder, as shown in Fig. 1. The flask and holder may becombined in one unit.7.1.2 CondenserA water-cooler condenser of the cold-finger type, as shown in Fig. 1, or of the straight-tube, Liebigtype.7.1.3 Water TrapA glass tube preferably having an insidediameter of 9 to 10 mm a
44、nd sealed at one end. If a trap withstopcock is used, the stopcock shall be securely fastened inplace. The graduated portion of the tube shall have a capacityof 10 mL. The smallest graduation should be not greater than0.1 mLwith the major divisions marked 1 to 10. The water trapshould be chemically
45、clean so that the shape of the meniscus atthe end of the test is the same as at the beginning. (The trapmay be coated with a silicone resin to give a uniform meniscus.To coat the trap, first clean it with sulfuric acid-chromic acidmixture. Rinse the clean trap with a silicone resin and, afterdrainin
46、g for a few minutes, bake for 1 h at approximately200C.)7.1.4 Extraction CupEither a Wiley siphon cup of suit-able size or a basket made of approximately 45 mesh, stainlesssteel gauze and having the approximate dimensions of 42 mmin outside diameter and 127 mm in length. The siphon cup isrecommended
47、 for borings from heavily treated piling. When asiphon cup is used, the loss of wood particles should beprevented either by placing a conical screen at the bottom ofthe siphon cup or by putting the chips or borings in a wiregauze basket which is then placed inside the siphon cup.7.1.5 Hot Plate:7.1.
48、6 Weighing BottleThe weighing bottle shall have aground glass stopper and be of sufficient size to contain thewire extraction cup or Wiley siphon described in 7.1.4.D 4442 92 (2003)37.1.7 RodArod approximately 3 mm in diameter made ofsome material to which water does not adhere such asTFE-fluorocarb
49、on resin.7.1.8 OvenThe oven shall be maintained at a temperatureof 103 6 2C.7.1.9 Desiccator:7.1.10 BalanceThe balance shall have a sensitivity of0.01 g.7.1.11 Increment Borer:7.2 Reagents and Materials:7.2.1 DesiccantCalcium chloride, silica gel, etc.7.2.2 TolueneThe toluene shall be of the grade known asindustrial pure, boiling within 2C.7.3 Preparation of Apparatus:7.3.1 Place about 200 mL of toluene and 1 to 2 mL ofdistilled water in the extraction flask. Assemble the apparatuson the hot plate, apply heat, and refl
