1、Designation: D4886 18Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sandpaper/SlidingBlock Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistanceof geotextiles to abrasion using an abrasion tester. This testm
3、ethod at this point has only been evaluated for geotextilesnot geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method isdesignated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all productsmay not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. Iflater developments indicate a wider scope for this test meth
4、od,appropriate changes will be made.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided asinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
5、of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization estab
6、lished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditi
7、oning and Testing TextilesD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other terms used in
8、 this test method,refer to Terminologies D123 and D4439.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface. D1233.2.2 loss in breaking force, npercent comparison ofbreaking force before and after abrasion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test
9、specimen, mounted on a stationary platform, isrubbed by an abradant with specified surface characteristics.Under controlled conditions of pressure and abrasive action,the abradant is rubbed on a horizontal axis using a uniaxionalmotion. Resistance to abrasions is expressed as a percentage oforiginal
10、 strength before abrading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advisedsince information on the precision of the test is lacking.Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In case of a
11、 dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias.
12、At a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolabora
13、tories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in l
14、ight of theknown bias.5.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-ance
15、 Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4486 10 (2016).DOI: 10.1520/D4886-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
16、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with int
17、ernationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1action of the abradant over the area of specim
18、en abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion asmeasured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generallyonly one of several factors contributing to perform
19、ance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance” and “durability” are frequentlyrelated, the relationship varies with different end uses anddifferent factors may be necessary in any calculation ofpredicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laborato
20、rytests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon for prediction of actual in-situation life in specific enduses unless there are data showing the specific rel
21、ationshipbetween laboratory abrasion tests and actual in-situation life inthe intended end use.5.4 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit fabrics.5.5 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the s
22、eller when using thistest method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any,between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory ofthe seller should be determined with each comparison beingbased on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sam-pling unit of material of the type being
23、 evaluated.6. Apparatus6.1 Abrasion Tester,3having the following essential parts:6.1.1 Balanced Head and Block AssemblyThe assemblyshould be two parallel, smooth plates, one of which makes areciprocating motion. The speed of the reciprocating plateshould be adjustable between 10 and 115 double strok
24、es perminute. The stroke length should be 25 mm (1 in.). The secondplate is rigidly supported by a double-lever assembly toprovide free movement in a direction perpendicular to thereciprocating plate. This plate is stationary during the test andmust be well balanced so that a vertical load can be ma
25、intainedby means of dead weights. Both plates are equipped withclamps at each end to hold the test specimen and the abradingmedium. The clamps have gripping surfaces adequate toprevent slippage of the specimen or the abrading materialduring the test.6.1.2 IndicatorMeans should be provided for indica
26、tingthe number of cycles (1 cycle = 1 double stroke).6.1.3 WeightsWeights should be provided for applying avertical load to the specimen.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing orroutine product evaluation, take at random the number of rollsof fabric directed in an applicable
27、 material specification orother agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, suchas agreement to use Practice D4354. Consider rolls of fabric tobe the primary sampling unit.NOTE 1Abrasion testing is a nonroutine quality control test forgeotextiles and will not normally be performed on every lot
28、 by themanufacturer or supplier. When testing for abrasion is performed,however, the sampling should be as described in Section 7.7.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample, aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately1 m (39 in.) along the selvage from each roll in the lot s
29、ample.The swatch may be taken from the end portion of a rollprovided there is no evidence that it is distorted or differentfrom other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take aswatch that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the rollor the inner wrap around the core.7.3 Test SpecimensFr
30、om each swatch in the laboratorysample, prepare two sets of specimens each containing fivespecimens. Cut rectangular specimens 75 by 200 6 1mm(3by8 6116 in.). Cut the set of specimens to be tested in themachine direction with the longer dimension parallel to themachine direction, and the set of spec
31、imens to be tested in thecross-machine direction with the longer dimension in thecross-machine direction. Take each set of specimens from aswatch along a diagonal so that they will be taken fromdifferent positions across the length and width of the swatch.Take no specimens nearer to the selvage than
32、120 th of thefabric width or 150 mm (6 in.), whichever is the smaller.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered tohave been reached when the increase in mass of the specimenin successive weighings made at interv
33、als of not less than 2 hdoes not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice geotextile materials arefrequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has beenreached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,it may be sufficient
34、in routine testing to expose the material to the standardatmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before thespecimens are tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable inmost cases. However, certain fibers may show slow equalization rateswhen they are received on the wet si
35、de of equilibrium. When it is knownthat a fiber loses moisture slowly when approaching equilibrium from thewet side, a preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776, may beagreed upon between contractual parties.8.2 Immerse specimens to be tested in the wet condition inwater, maintained at a
36、 temperature of 21 6 2 C (70 6 4 F).The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet-out thespecimens thoroughly, as indicated by no significant change instrength or elongation following a longer period of immersion,and at least 2 min. To obtain thorough wetting, it may benecessary or advisable to ad
37、d not more than 0.05 % of anonionic neutral wetting agent to the water.9. Procedure9.1 Test the conditioned specimen in the standard atmo-sphere for testing geotextiles, as described in Section 8 of thistest method.3The sole source of supply of the abrasion tester known to the committee at thistime
38、is Custom Scientific Instrument Inc., 13 Wing Drive, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may
39、 attend.D4886 1829.2 Place the specimen to be tested in the upper (stationary)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of theplate. Place the abrading medium on the lower (reciprocating)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of theplate. Use Emory cloth equal to 100 grit
40、as the abradingmedium unless specified otherwise by a material specification.NOTE 3When testing nonwoven geotextiles, secure the edges of thetest specimen to the stationary plate by using double-backed tape or someother type adhesive. This prevents deformation (“neckdown”) of thespecimen during the
41、abrasion test.9.3 Lower the top plate onto the bottom plate by releasingthe support pin for the top plate. Be sure the abrading mediumand the specimen are properly aligned.9.4 Load the pressure (top) plate to reach a total of 1000 gloaded on the specimen, unless specified otherwise by amaterial spec
42、ification. This weight must include that of theupper platen on which the geotextile is attached, in addition tothe dead weight, if not compensated for.9.5 Start the tester and operate at a speed of 30 cpm unlessspecified otherwise in an applicable material specification.9.6 Operate the tester at the
43、 specified speed for 250 cyclesor as agreed upon in an applicable materials specification, oruntil the specimen ruptures.NOTE 4If a specimen ruptures before the specified number of cyclesis reached, report that the specimen ruptured and the number of cyclescompleted at the time of rupture.9.7 If the
44、 specimen or the abrading material slips in theclamps, discard the specimen and test another specimen afteradjustments are made.9.8 Replace the abrading medium every 250 cycles (aftereach specimen).9.9 Determine the end point by the following method:9.9.1 Percentage Loss in Breaking LoadAbrade the s
45、peci-men a specified number of cycles, after which determine thebreaking load using the 50-mm (2-in.) raveled-strip or cut-stripprocedure in Test Method D5035, with the exception of a gagelength of 100 mm (4 in.) and an extension rate of 300 mm(12 in.) min. The abraded area of the specimen should be
46、placed midway between the clamps of the machine. Comparethis breaking load with the breaking load determined under thesame conditions on an unabraded portion of the sample.Calculate the loss in breaking load and report to the nearest1.0 % using Eq 1:Loss in breaking force, % 5 100 A 2 B!/A (1)where:
47、A = breaking load before abrasion, andB = breaking load after abrasion.10. Report10.1 Report that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethod D4886. Describe the material(s) or product(s) sampledand the method of sampling used.10.2 Report the following applicable items:10.2.1 Average of the l
48、oss in breaking load, in percent, foreach direction,10.2.2 Test conditions if different from those specified inthis test method,10.2.3 Number of specimens tested for each direction,10.2.4 Number of specimens which ruptured, if any, beforethe specified number of cycles was reached and the number ofcy
49、cles completed before rupture, and10.2.5 Any modification of test specimens as manufactured,or test method as described.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is beingestablished.11.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of that property can be defined only in termsof a test method.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; geotextilesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
