1、Designation: D4956 13Standard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flexible, non-exposed glas
3、sbead lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designedfor use on traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, andother devices.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provid
4、ed for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 7, of this specification.Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t
5、he userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateB209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminu
6、m-AlloySheet and Plate (Metric)B449 Specification for Chromates on AluminumE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE810 Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection ofRetroreflective Sheeting
7、Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluat
8、ionE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryE2152 Pra
9、ctice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Mate-rials for High
10、 Visibility Traffic Control and PersonalSafety Applications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-ing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Han
11、dling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus forExposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 Other StandardsISO 4
12、892-2:2006 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratorylight sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsISO 4892-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 Plastics Methods of expo-sure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsEN12899-1:2007 Fixed, vertical road traffic signs - Part 1:Fixed signs3. Terminology3.1 Definition
13、sDefinitions of terms are as described inTerminology E284, Practice E808, and Terminology G113.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 on
14、Highway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4956 11a. DOI:10.1520/D4956-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective ma
16、terial in-tended to be attached to flexible impact resistant plasticdevices, such as traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of a white orcolored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and thatessentially has the property of a retroreflector
17、 over its entiresurface. There are nine types and five classes of retroreflectivesheeting. Types are determined by conformance to theretroreflectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1and may be of any construction providing that those require-ments are met. Type designation is provid
18、ed as a means fordifferentiating functional performance. Typical examples ofapplications are provided for descriptive information only andare not intended to be limitations or recommendations. Com-mon identifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typical applications for the retroreflective
19、sheet-ing addressed in this specification are:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV Highway signing, construction-zone device
20、s, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporary roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbandsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This
21、type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows(the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “en-gineering gra
22、de” that is typically an enclosed lens glass-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include permanenthighway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super engineer grade” that is typically an enclosed lensglass-bead sheeting. A
23、pplications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsu-lated glass-bead retroreflective material or as an unmetalizedmicroprismatic
24、retroreflective element material. Applicationsfor this material include permanent highway signing, construc-tion zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized micropris-matic retroreflective element material. App
25、lications for thismaterial include permanent highway signing, constructionzone devices, and delineators.4.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “su-per high-intensity” that is typically a metalized microprismaticretroreflective element material. This sheeting is typically usedfor delin
26、eators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retroreflective sheeting with-out adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl microprismaticretroreflective material.Applications include orange temporaryroll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and post bands.4.2.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials p
27、revi-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as TypeVIII. The use of a designation as Type VII has been discon-tinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this mat
28、erial includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.9 Type IXAretroreflective sheeting typically manufac-tured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, constructio
29、n zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.10 Type XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.The use of a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner
30、microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismaticsheetings, may have unique performance characteristics outside of therange of
31、the standard geometries presented in the tables that define thetypes. Certain applications may require the use of a particular productwithin a particular type in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflec-tivity in a given situation. In these cases, information concerningadditional performance
32、characteristics must be obtained.4.3 Backing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflec-tive sheeting shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or other preparation foradhesion to smooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The a
33、dhesive backing shall have an adhesivethat shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to thematerial. The temperature necessary to form a durable perma-nent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable undernormal shop conditions and at substrate t
34、emperatures up to100F (38C) and without damage to the material. The Class 2material may be perforated to facilitate removal of air inheat-vacuum laminators, but the perforations must be of a sizeand frequency such that they do not cause objectionableblemishes when the sheeting is printed.4.3.3 Class
35、 3The adhesive backing shall have a position-able low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive that requires no heat,solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, cleansurfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperature of 100F(38C) without damage to the material.4.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backi
36、ng shall have a low-temperature pressure-sensitive adhesive that permits sheetingapplications at temperatures down to +20F (7C) without theaid of heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion tosmooth, dry, clean surfaces.D4956 1324.3.5 Class 5This shall be a nonadhesive backing made ofmaterial c
37、ommercially used for self-supporting products suchas traffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, andpost bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include thefollowing information:5.1.1 ASTM designation (D4956),5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),
38、5.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.4 Daytime color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by thepurchaser, including:5.1.7.1 Compliance with the minimum coefficient of ret-roreflection for 0.1 observ
39、ation angle is a supplementaryrequirement which shall apply only when specified. An obser-vation angle of 0.1 may be specified where the long distanceperformance of a sheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testing requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboun
40、dable sheeting requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting is intended for work zoneuse, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6. Performance Requirements6.1 This is a summary of the minimum perform
41、ance re-quirements for each type of retroreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering
42、 shall be 12 months.6.1.2 Type IIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimu
43、m Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 4; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.4 Type IVMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5;
44、 Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.5 Type VMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 6; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; Da
45、ytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.6 Type VIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 7; Outdoor Weathering6 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2.6.1.7 Type V
46、IIRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as TypeVIII.6.1.8 Type VIIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 8; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeTABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blu
47、e Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 + 30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2AMinimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/fc/ft2(cdlx1m2).TABLE 2 Daytime Luminance Factor (Y %)AColorAll exceptType VType VMinimum Maximum Minimum MaximumWhite
48、 27 . 15Yellow 15 45 12 30Orange 10 30 7.0 25Green 3.0 12 2.5 11Red 2.5 15 2.5 11Blue 1.0 10 1.0 10Brown 1.0 9.0 1.0 9.0Fluorescent Yellow-Green 60Fluorescent Yellow 40Fluorescent Orange 20Fluorescent Pink 25 .AThe luminance factors shown for fluorescent colors consist of the sum of areflectance lum
49、inance factor and fluorescence luminance factor. The luminancefactor may be determined using a good approximation to Illuminant D65, requiringan instrument with an appropriately filtered light source, or by using a bispectralphotometer conforming to Test Method G147.TABLE 3 Type II SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 140 100 60 30 30 10 5.00.2 + 30 60 36 22 10 12 4.0 2.00.5 4 50 33 20 9.0 10 3.0 2.00.5 + 30 28 20 12 6.0 6.0 2.0 1.0AMinimum Coeffic
