1、Designation: D5093 151Standard Test Method forField Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-RingInfiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.1. Scope1.1 This test method desc
3、ribes a procedure for measuringthe infiltration rate of water through in-place soils using adouble-ring infiltrometer with a sealed inner ring.1.2 This test method is useful for soils with infiltration ratesin the range of 1 105cm/s to 1 108cm/s. When infiltra-tion rates 1105cm/s are to be measured
4、Test MethodD3385 shall be used.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to
5、which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.4 This test method provides a direct measurement ofinfiltration rate, not hydraulic conductivity. Although the unitsof infiltration rate and hydraulic conducti
6、vity are similar, thereis a distinct difference between these two quantities. Theycannot be directly related unless the hydraulic boundaryconditions, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateralflow of water are known or can be reliably estimated.1.5 This test method can be used for natural
7、soil deposits,recompacted soil layers, and amended soils such as soilbentonite and soil lime mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard doe
8、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This internation
9、al standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committ
10、ee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3385 Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in FieldUsing Double-Ring InfiltrometerD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
11、asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of technical terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 infiltrationdo
12、wnward entry of liquid into a porousbody.3.2.2 infiltration rate, Iquantity of liquid entering a po-rous material (m3) per unit area (m2) per unit time (s),expressed in units of m/s.3.2.3 infiltrometera device used to pond liquid on aporous body and to allow for the measurement of the rate atwhich l
13、iquid enters the porous body.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 1990.
14、 Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5093 02(2008). DOI:10.1520/D5093-15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
15、ge onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for t
16、heDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Summary of Test Method4.1 The infiltration rate of water through soil is measuredusing a double-ring infiltrometer with a sealed or covered inne
17、rring (Fig. 1). The infiltrometer consists of an open outer and asealed inner ring. The rings are embedded and sealed intrenches excavated in the soil. Both rings are filled with watersuch that the inner ring is submerged.4.2 The rate of flow is measured by connecting a flexiblebag filled with a kno
18、wn weight of water to a port on the innerring.As water infiltrates into the ground from the inner ring, anequal amount of water flows into the inner ring from theflexible bag. After a known interval of time, the flexible bag isremoved and weighed. The weight loss, converted to a volume,is equal to t
19、he amount of water that has infiltrated into theground. An infiltration rate is then determined from thisvolume of water, the area of the inner ring, and the interval oftime. This process is repeated and a plot of infiltration rateversus time is constructed. The test is continued until theinfiltrati
20、on rate becomes steady or until it becomes equal to orless than a specified value.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure lowinfiltration rates associated with fine-grained, clayey soils, andare in the range of 1 105cm/s to 1 108cm/s.5.2 This test method is particular
21、ly useful for measuringliquid flow through soil moisture barriers such as compactedclay liner or covers used at waste disposal facilities, for canaland reservoir liners, for seepage blankets, and for amended soilliners such as those used for retention ponds or storage tanks.5.3 The purpose of the se
22、aled inner ring is to: (1) provide ameans to measure the actual amount of flow rather than a dropin water elevation which is the flow measurement procedureused in Test Method D3385 and (2) to eliminate evaporationlosses.5.4 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow b
23、eneath the inner ring. The use oflarge diameter rings and large depths of embedments helps toensure that flow is essentially one-dimensional.5.5 This test method provides a means to measure infiltra-tion rate over a relatively large area of soil. Tests on largevolumes of soil can be more representat
24、ive than tests on smallvolumes of soil.5.6 The data obtained from this test method are most usefulwhen the soil layer being tested has a uniform distribution ofpore space, and when the density and degree of saturation andthe hydraulic conductivity of the material underlying the soillayer are known.5
25、.7 Changes in water temperature can introduce significanterror in the volume change measurements. Temperaturechanges will cause water to flow in or out of the inner ring dueto expansion or contraction of the inner ring and the watercontained within the inner ring.5.8 The problem of temperature chang
26、es can be minimizedby insulating the rings, by allowing enough flow to occur sothat the amount of flow resulting from a temperature change isnot significant compared to that due to infiltration, or byconnecting and disconnecting the bag from the inner ring whenthe water in the inner ring is at the s
27、ame temperature.5.9 If the soil being tested will later be subjected toincreased overburden stress, then the infiltration rate can beexpected to decrease as the overburden stress increases. Labo-ratory hydraulic conductivity tests are recommended for stud-ies of the influence of level of stress on t
28、he hydraulic propertiesof the soil.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard depends onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities being used. Agencies that meet the criteria ofPractice D3740 are generally considered capable of com
29、petent andobjective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors6. Apparatus6.1 Infilt
30、rometer RingsThe rings shall be constructed of astiff, corrosion-resistant material such as metal, plastic, orfiberglass. The shape of the rings can be circular or square.However, square rings are recommended because it is easier toexcavate straight trenches in the soil. The rings can be of anysize
31、provided: (1) the minimum width or diameter of the innerring is 610 mm (24 in.); and (2) a minimum distance of 610mm (24 in.) is maintained between the inner and outer ring.The following is a description of a set of rings that can beconstructed from commonly available materials, incorporatesthe requ
32、irements described above, and has worked well in thefield.6.1.1 Outer RingA square ring (Fig. 2) comprised of fourFIG. 1 Schematic Of A Double-Ring Infiltrometer With A SealedInner Ring FIG. 2 Panel For Outer RingD5093 1512sheets of aluminum approximately 3.6 m by 0.9 m by 2 mm (12ft by 3 ft by 0.08
33、0 in.). The top edge of the aluminum sheet isbent 90 in order to provide rigidity. A hole is provided in thecenter of the top edge. One edge of each sheet is bent 90.Holes are drilled along each side edge so that the sheets can bebolted at the corners. A flat rubber, polyethylene, or neoprenegasket
34、provides a seal at each corner. A wire cable approxi-mately 15 m (49 ft) long with a clamp may be needed to tie thetop edges together.6.1.2 Inner RingA square ring (Fig. 3), 1.52 m (5 ft) on aside, made of fiberglass provided with two ports. The top isshaped in such a way as to vent air from the rin
35、g as it is filled.A port is provided at the highest point so that any air thataccumulates in the ring during the test can be flushed out. Oneport must be located at the top of the ring. The other port mustbe located beneath the top port. A150 mm (6 in.) skirt, that isembedded into the soil, is provi
36、ded along the edge of the ring.Barbed fittings that accept flexible tubing are attached to theports. Handles are provided at each corner of the inner ring.6.2 Flexible BagTwo clear flexible bags with a capacity of1000 to 3000 mL. Intravenous bags available from medicalsupply stores work well.Ameans
37、for attaching a shut-off valveto the bag shall be provided. The shut-off valve shall beprovided with a barbed fitting that will connect to the inlet tubeon the inner ring.6.3 TubingClear, flexible tubing approximately 4.5 m (15ft) long with a minimum ID of 6 mm (14 in.)6.4 Scissors or Knife.6.5 Exca
38、vation Tools.6.5.1 Masons HammerHammer with a blade approxi-mately 120 mm (5 in.) long and 40 mm (1.5 in.) wide.6.5.2 Trenching MachineCapable of excavating a trenchwith a maximum width of 150 mm (6 in.) and a depth of 460mm (18 in.).6.5.3 Chain Saw(Optionalsee Note 2) Equipped with acarbide-tipped
39、chain and bar.6.5.4 Hand ShovelGarden type.6.6 LevelsA surveyors level and rod and a carpenterslevel.6.7 BucketsFive buckets with a capacity of approximately20 L (5 gal).6.8 BlocksCinder blocks to serve as a platform for theflexible bag.6.9 CoverAn opaque cover to place on top of the outerring. The
40、cover can be a tarp or plywood supported by woodenbeams.6.10 GroutA bentonite grout (bentonite and water) forfilling the trenches and sealing the rings in place.6.11 Mixing EquipmentA large (four bag) grout mixer formixing the bentonite grout.6.12 Trowel.6.13 ThermometerReadable to 0.5 C with a rang
41、e of 0 to50 C.6.14 ScaleCapacity of 4000 g and a readability of 1 g.6.15 WatchReadable to 1 s.6.16 Water SupplyPreferably water of the same quality asthat involved in the problem being examined. Approximately5600 L (1400 gal) are needed for this test.6.17 Splash GuardPlywood, rubber sheet, or burlap
42、 600by 600 mm (2 by 2 ft).7. Test Site7.1 The test requires an area of approximately 7.3 by 7.3 m(24 by 24 ft).7.2 The slope to the test area should be no greater thanapproximately 3 %.7.3 The test may be set up in a pit if infiltration rates aredesired at depth rather than at the surface.7.4 The te
43、st area shall be covered with a sheet of plastic tokeep the surface from drying.7.5 Representative samples of the soil to be tested shall betaken before and after the test to determine its moisturecontent, density, and specific gravity. The thickness of the layerbeing tested shall be determined as w
44、ell as the approximatehydraulic conductivity of the layer beneath it.FIG. 3 Inner RingD5093 15138. Procedure8.1 Assembly of Outer RingWipe off gaskets and sideedges of the outer ring. Align gasket between the edges andbolt edges together.8.2 Excavation of Trenches:8.2.1 Place both rings on the area
45、to be tested. Center theinner ring within the outer ring. Make sure that the outer ringis square by using the tape measure to check that the length ofthe diagonals are equal.8.2.2 If plastic is covering the test area, cut out thin stripsalong the edge of each ring so that the trenches can beexcavate
46、d. Leave as much of the plastic on as possible in orderto keep the soil from drying.8.2.3 Use the bottom edge of each ring to scribe a line on theground to use as a guide for excavating the trenches.8.2.4 Note the orientation of the rings and set them aside.8.2.5 Use the surveyors level and check th
47、e ground eleva-tion where the corners of each ring will be. Note the high spotsand excavate deeper in these areas so that the rings will belevel.8.2.6 Use the trenching machine and excavate a trench forthe outer ring. The trench should be about 146 mm (18 in.)deep. Excavate deeper at high spots.8.2.
48、7 Use a small hand shovel to remove any loose materialin the trenches.8.2.8 Place the outer ring in the trench and use the carpen-ters level to check that the top of the ring is reasonably level(630 mm). Also check that the outer ring is square. Removethe ring and excavate any areas keeping the ring
49、 from beinglevel and square.8.2.9 Set the outer ring aside and cover the trenches toprevent the soil from drying.8.2.10 Use the masons hammer and excavate a trench 50 by110 mm (2 by 4.5 in.) for the inner ring. Excavate deeper inhigh spots so that the inner ring will sit level in the trench.Excavate the trench carefully so that the surrounding soil isdisturbed as little as possible. When using the masonshammer, it is best to start by digging down several inches inone spot and then advancing the trench forward by choppingdow
