1、Designation:D5639/D5639M09 Designation: D5639/D5639M 11Standard Practice forSelection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and BoxConstruction Based on Performance Requirements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5639/D5639M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated
3、 fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selectingattributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specificationswhich establish levels of the qualities a shipping container mustshall have in order to be acceptable t
4、o the purchaser or user. Theattributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practicewill assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements andsubsequent relati
5、onships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is intended to provide specificcorrugated container performance standards as opposed to packaged product performance evaluation through distribution andhandling environments, such as Practice D4169.1.2 The attributes and
6、their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment itwill encounter. Many packaging regulations include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, orother construction details of allowed shipping containers. These regu
7、lations are presented as minimum requirements; they may beexceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable forsurface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated
8、 packaging.These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboardor combined corrugated boardnot finished boxesand are not intended to provide for the distribution system beyond thetransportation segment.1.3Corrugated containers
9、 for packaging of hazardous materials for transportation must comply with federal regulationsadministered by the U.S. Department of Transportation (Code of Federal Regulations, CFR491.2.1 The attribute levels contained herein are based on US practice and specifications. Some attributes such as flute
10、 dimensionsand basis weights may be defined differently in other countries.1.3 There are two distinctly different methods commonly used for specifying boxes. The most common approach is to specifymaterials, such as defining flute, edge crush value, Mullen burst value, and flat crush minimums, contai
11、nerboard weights andthicknesses. An alternative approach is to define some measure of performance. Mullen burst values can be one of these measuresif the user has determined that some minimum burst value is all that is required in their distribution system. The overallcompression strength of the box
12、 is another, and this measure allows each supplier to achieve the required strength through theirown unique combination of materials and processes. A third measure would be to pass some sort of rough handling performanceprotocol, with Practice D4169 being one example. Unlike material specifications,
13、 where definitions of fluting, test methods of ECT,and difficulty of assessing individual components of the box structure exist, compression values of the finished box are easily testedand verified using a common test method (Test Method D642). The same can be said of box performance measured agains
14、t aperformance protocol. Using only material specifications to define a box does not guarantee the box will be well made. Forexample, the best possible material could be used for making a box, but if the score lines are too deep or too shallow, or if themanufacturers joint is not secured correctly,
15、the box will fail in distribution.Conversely, box compression and rough handling performance protocols measures both material and manufacturing qualitysimultaneously. It is sometimes advantageous to use a combination of both these methods to help assure the outer liner will noteasily scuff or break.
16、 Though suppliers will need to continue to use material specifications when making boxes, the user wouldbenefit more from employing performance specifications to help guarantee similar box attributes from a variety of suppliers. Itshould be realized that no two suppliers, especially if theyre locate
17、d in different countries, will use the same materials andprocesses for making a box. Employing box compression values or performance protocols will help assure the lowest price forspecific performance, regardless of the material used.1.4 Corrugated containers for packaging of hazardous materials for
18、 transportation shall comply with federal regulations1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboard Products.Current edition approved Oct.April 1, 2009.2011. Published October 2009.April 2011.
19、 Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 asD5639/D5639M 059. DOI: 10.1520/D5639_D5639M-0911.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
20、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
21、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation (Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 49).1.41.5 Lists and Descriptions of Performance and Material Characteristics and Related Test ProceduresFor further informationon the
22、development of performance-based specifications, please refer to the sections on Specifications and Test Procedures of theFibre Box Handbook.1.5The1.6 The values stated in both SI and inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in bracke
23、ts. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shallbe used independently of the other.1.61.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establi
24、sh appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD642 Test Method for Determining Comp
25、ressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit LoadsD685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products for TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4727/D4727M Specification for C
26、orrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut ShapesD5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping BoxesD5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard ContainersD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free FallE122
27、 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess2.2 TAPPI Methods:T 411 Thickness of Paper, Paperboard, and Combined Board3T 803 Puncture Test of Corrugated Fiberboard3T 808 Flat Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard-Flexi
28、ble Beam Method3T 810 Burst Test of Corrugated Fiberboard3T 811 Edgewise Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard3T 825 Flat Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard-Fixed Platen Method32.3 Government Documents:CFR 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 4942.4 Other Publications:Fibre Box Handbook5Item 222Nati
29、onal Motor Freight ClassificationEdge Crush Test, Application and Reference Guide for Combined Corrugated Board, Fibre Box Association5National Motor Freight Classification Item 2226Rule 41Uniform Freight ClassificationUniform Freight Classification Rule 4173. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general d
30、efinitions of packaging and distribution environments, see Terminology D996.4. Significance and Use4.1This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction,or both, commensurate with the users need for packing and distribution o
31、f goods. This practice describes several attributes offiberboard and boxes which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may bespecified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, and protection of conten
32、ts.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
33、 Industry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from the Fibre Box Association, 25 No
34、rthwest Point Blvd., Suite 510, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007.6Available from American Trucking Association, Inc., 2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314-4677.6Available from the National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001 N Fairfax St, Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314-1748.7Available from Na
35、tional Railroad Freight Committee, Tariff Publishing Officer, 151 Ellis Street, NE, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30335.D5639/D5639M 1124.2The user should specify only those attributes and related tests which are required for satisfactory performance in the usersoperations and distribution cycle(s). When u
36、sing packaging regulations as a basis for developing specifications, the reason for theexistence of the regulation and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, regulations may beexceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects
37、of the distribution cycle.4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction,or both, commensurate with the users need for packing and distribution of goods. This practice describes several attributes offiberboard and box
38、es which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may bespecified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, and protection of contents.4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and related tests w
39、hich are required for satisfactory performance in the usersoperations and distribution cycle(s). When using packaging regulations as a basis for developing specifications, the reason for theexistence of the regulation and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, regula
40、tions may beexceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distribution cycle. If the userdecides to employ box compression strength or a rough handling performance protocol as the overriding specification, it shouldbe noted that all minimum standar
41、ds required by various organizations shall also be met or surpassed. These minimum standardscan be stated in the box drawing so as to ensure adherence to regulations If a Box Manufacturers Certificate (BMC) is printedon the box, then the ECT or Mullen Burst/Basis Weight values shall meet or exceed t
42、he minimum requirements for size and weightof the packaged product.4.3 See Appendix X7 for several examples of specification determinations.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of a sampling plan depends on the purpose of the testing. The sampling plan from Appendix X2.2.2 of PracticeD585 is recommended for acc
43、eptance criteria. An example of acceptance and rejection criteria based on various lot sizes may befound in Appendix X1. For purposes of other than acceptance criteria, use Practice E122.6. Conditioning6.1 All test specimens shall be preconditioned, conditioned, and tested in accordance with Practic
44、e D685.7. Fiberboard Attributes7.1Corrugated fiberboard is commercially available in three wall constructions, and four common flute structures. The usershould specify desired wall construction and flute structure based on performance requirements.7.1 Corrugated fiberboard is commercially available
45、in three wall constructions, and four common flute structures. The usershould specify desired wall construction and flute structure based on performance requirements, though one should realize thatdefinitions of flute size and shape vary from one manufacturer to another and from one country to anoth
46、er. In contrast, ifcompression strength is the specification, then paper weight, flute size, and wall construction are all based on price forperformance, perhaps allowing one manufacturer to use thin weak paper to form double wall while another uses better qualitypaper and processes to use single wa
47、ll.7.1.1 ConstructionSinglewall Constructionboard Singlewall board is used for lighter contents where some structuralrigidity, compression strength, puncture resistance, resistance to puncture, and cushioning is needed. Doublewall board is used forheavier contents requiring a greater degree of struc
48、tural rigidity, compression strength, and puncture resistance. resistance topuncture. Triplewall is used for the heaviest contents where maximum structural rigidity, compression strength, and punctureresistance to puncture are required.7.1.2 Flute Structure“A” flute offers the highest top-to-bottom
49、compression strength, but low resistance to flat crush. “B” flutehas high flat crush resistance but lower top-to-bottom compression than “A” or “C”. “C” flute is the most common with averageresistance to flat crush and top-to-bottom compression. “E” flute generally replaces solid boxboard, has excellent flat crushresistance, is used mostly for graphics and consumer products, but seldom used for shipping containers. The following typical flutestructures are provided as a reference: A-flute offers the highest top-to-bottom compression strength, but low resistance to
