1、Designation: D5783 95 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forUse of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluidfor Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5783; the number immediately
2、following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide c
3、overs how direct (straight) rotary-drillingprocedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used forgeoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method ofthis guide indicates that a water-based
4、 drilling fluid is pumped through adrill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings tothe surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and theborehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite characterization that are addressed
5、in a separate guide.1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental explorationand monitoring-device installations will often involve safetyplanning, administration and documentation. This standarddoes not purport to specifically address exploration and sitesafety.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound
6、 units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
7、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. T
8、his document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given profes
9、sional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653
10、Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock
11、Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods
12、for RubberMeasurement of Process-ing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-ronmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring Devices3. Terminolog
13、y3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms maybe found in Terminology D653.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groun
14、dwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5783 95 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D5783-95R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
15、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
16、to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling-fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-sh
17、aped par-ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater quality
18、analysis).3.2.4 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drillstring (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it isreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded
19、 to the nearest 0.1 ft(0.03 m).3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distributi
20、on curve.3.2.6 drawworksa power-driven winch, or severalwinches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.8 drill stringthe
21、complete direct rotary-drilling assem-bly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rodsand connector assemblies (subs). The total length of thisassembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing theposition of the top of the string to a datum near the groundsurface.3.2.9 fil
22、ter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having selected grainsize characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring deviceand the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack
23、orgravel envelope is to act as: (1) a non-clogging filter when theaquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopment.3.2.9.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cas
24、es apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annularplug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the dischargeend of the pipe.3.2.11 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valvepositioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.Grout is inject
25、ed through the check valve to fill the annularspace between the casing and the borehole wall or anothercasing.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillable plugshould be known and documented.3.2.12 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used onthe drawworks to hoist and lower the drill st
26、ring.3.2.13 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretrans
27、ducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existingborehole by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly positionthe device(s) in the borehole.3.2.14 intermittent-sam
28、pling devicesusually barrel-typesamplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of aborehole following completion of an increment of drilling. Theuser is referred to the following ASTM standards relating tosuggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452,Test Method D1586, Practice D355
29、0, and Practice D1587.3.2.15 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup-porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoistinglines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry the expectedloads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of thediameter and depth for which the rig
30、manufacturer specifies theequipment.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is rec-ommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at leasttwice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.16 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressurehead.3.2.17 subsurface water-quali
31、ty monitoring devicean in-strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-istics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.4. Significance and Use4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoen-viron
32、mental exploration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and con-solidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected overother methods based on advantages over other methods. Indrilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other thancavernous
33、 limestones and basalts where circulation cannot bemaintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling methodthan the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as thoseobtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotarydrill
34、ed holes usually require more well-development effort. Ifhowever, drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friablesandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may precludeuse of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drillingmethods should be considered.4.1.1 The application of
35、direct-rotary drilling to geoenviron-mental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ orpore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequentD5783 95 (2012)2drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials.Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling methodare
36、 stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidatedformations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. Themethod can also be used in drilling consolidated formations.Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method in-clude the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and cre
37、ationof the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter thenatural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the sameborehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.4.2 The subsurface water-quality moni
38、toring devices thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened orporous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with afilter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and withisolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter themovement of fluids or infiltrat
39、ion of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should bemade only after consideration of the o
40、verall quality of theinstallation, including the quality of materials that will contactsampled water or gas.NOTE 4Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometersshould have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills todeter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.5.
41、 Apparatus5.1 Direct-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanicalcomponents and the drilling fluid.5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct-rotarydrilling system include the drill rig with derrick, rotary tableand kelly or top-head drive unit, drill rods, bit or core barrel,casing (when re
42、quired to protect the hole and prevent wallcollapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), mud pit,suction hose, cyclone desander(s), drilling-fluid circulationpump, pressure hose, and swivel.NOTE 5In general, in North America, the sizes of casings, casing bits,drill rods, and core barrels are usua
43、lly standardized by manufacturersaccording to size designations set forth by the American PetroleumInstitute (API) and the Diamond Drill Core Manufacturers Association(DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to publishedmaterials of API for available sizes and capacities of drilling toolsequ
44、ipment.5.1.1.1 Drill Rig, with rotary table and kelly or top-headdrive unit should have the ability to rotate a drill-rod columnand apply a controllable axial force on the drill bit appropriateto the drilling and sampling requirements and the geologicconditions.5.1.1.2 Kelly, a formed or machined se
45、ction of hollow drillsteel, used with some rotary-drilling systems, that is joined tothe swivel at the top and the drill rods below. Flat surfaces orsplines of the kelly engage the rotary table so that rotation istransmitted to the drill rods.5.1.1.3 Drill Rods, (that is, drill stems, drill string,
46、drillpipe) transfer force and rotation from the drill rig to the bit orcore barrel. Drill rods conduct drilling fluid to the bit or corebarrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do notcontribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the drill-rod column. All threaded connections sh
47、ould be in good repairand not leak significantly at the internal fluid pressure requiredfor drilling. Drill rods should be made up securely by wrenchtightening at the threaded joint(s) at all times to prevent roddamage.NOTE 6Drill rods usually require lubricants on the threads to alloweasy unthreadi
48、ng of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants have organicor metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminantsif detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that havecomponents of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants onchemical analyses of samples
49、 should be considered and documented whenusing direct-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentationshould be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, orother devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides the material cuttingcapability. Therefore, a core barrel can also be used to advancethe hole.NOTE 7The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficientdiameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as thescreened intake and filter pack and installation devices such
