1、Designation: D6913 04 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6913; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected Eq 1 in July 2014.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test method has been used for many yea
3、rs, there are vast testing variations requireddue to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures arenot new, they will now be defined and explained. Some examp
4、les of these new terms are compositesieving, designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority ofconditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The tableof contents in the Scope section is added to enable the user to easily
5、find a specific topic orrequirement. Only sections/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections willnot be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.This test method is used to separate p
6、articles into size rangesand to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in eachrange. These data are combined to determine the particle-sizedistribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-ing sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil betweenthe 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 2
7、00 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeablythroughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in.(75 mm) sieve is required, Test Method D5519 may be used.1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller thanNo. 200 (75-m) sieve i
8、s required, Test Method D4222may beused.1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to orless than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving isapplicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size isgreater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5mm (38-in sieve), then
9、either single-set sieving or compositesieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size isequal to or greater than 19.0 mm (34-in sieve), compositesieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the significan
10、t digits recorded and the size ofthe specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe performed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must beused when performing c
11、omposite sieving. For cases ofdisputes, Method A is the referee method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximumparticle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75
12、-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procure-ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtainedusing appropriate methods and is representative.1.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air dry,and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain aspecim
13、en. The procedure selected will depend on the type ofsample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range ofparticle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM
14、Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6913 042. DOI:10.1520/
15、D6913-04R09E01.2Currently Subcommittee D18.03 is preparing a new test method (HydrometerAnalysis or Combined Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis) to replace D422.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1on the sample. The procedure m
16、ay be specified by therequesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days tocomplete, depending on the type and size of the sample andsoil type.1.10 This test method is not applicable for the followingsoils:1.10.
17、1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change inparticle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organicsolvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-dures.1
18、.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components,such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent testresults within and between laboratories for the following soilsand the precision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable
19、soils in which the sieving processes changethe gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils aresome residual soils, most weathered shales and some weaklycemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconiticclays or some dried pla
20、stic clays.1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted,or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized gradation-testing programcould be performed. The alterations could require the washingand sieving procedures to be standardized s
21、uch that eachspecimen would be processed in a similar manner.1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up ofparticles may be tested using this method. However, theapplicable sections above should be used in applying thisstandard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
22、guidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe sig
23、nificant digits that generally should be retained. Theprocedures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to bec
24、ommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering design.1.14 UnitsThe dimensional values stated in either SI unitsor inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as200-mm or 8-in. diamet
25、er sieve. Except, the sieve designationsare typically identified using the “alternative” system inaccordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 m,respectively. Only the SI units are used for massdeterminations, calculations, and reported res
26、ults. However,the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm)shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method isgiven in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
27、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at theend of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.
28、1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processing 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Terminology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to ThisStandard3.3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2D
29、esignated Separating Sieve 6.1.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Specimen Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (option
30、al) 6.9Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle(optional)6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven(optional)6.12Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14Reagents 7Dispersant 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification
31、 of Sieves 8.1Verification Interval 8.1.1Verification of Mechanical Sieve ShakerandStandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Undistu
32、rbed Tube Samples 9.2.3Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4Specimen 10General 10.1Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2D6913 04 (2009)12Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Composite Sieving 10.3.2Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Pr
33、ocedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement and ProcessingRequirements10.5Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-SetSieving10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss(CPL)10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3Air-Dried Procedure, Single Siev
34、e-Set Sieving10.5.4Air-Dried Procedure, CompositeSieving10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, CompositeSieving10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.
35、4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.3General Precautions 11.4.3.1Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.
36、4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5First Sieve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Di
37、spersing and WashingSubspecimen11.5.2.1Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6Separating 1stSubspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2ndCoarserPortion11.6.2Dry Sieving 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.32ndSubspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspecimen11.6.4.1Dry Sie
38、ving 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.2Calculations 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12.2Single Sieve-Set Sieving, PercentPassing12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion(CP)12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving Corr
39、ectionFactor (CSCF)12.5.1.2CP, Acceptable Loss DuringWashingand Sieving12.5.1.3Composite Sieving, Subspecimen(finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen(combinedcoarser and finer portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.5.2.3F
40、iner Portion, Percent Passing(optional)12.5.3Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.61stCoarser Portion 12.6.11stSubspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2ndCoarserPortion12.6.2.12ndCoarser Portion, CompositeSievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22ndCoarser Portion, AcceptableLoss onSieving and Washin
41、g12.6.2.32ndCoarser Portion, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.2.4Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.2.52ndSubspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2ndSubspecimen 12.6.3.12ndSubspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.3.31stFiner Portion,
42、Percent Passing(optional)12.6.42ndFiner Portion, CompositeSievingCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12ndFiner Portion, Percent Passingfor2ndSubspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precision 14.
43、1.2Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPD Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD -Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD -Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3TTPD -Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD -Method A Reproducibility 14
44、.1.4.1STPD -Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2Soils Type 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/ReductionMethodsAnnex A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing Rec
45、ommendationBasedon Soil TypeA2.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and CleanSand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2D6913 04 (2009)13Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4Silts with Sand or Gravel
46、, or Both(ML,MH)A2.2.5Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, orBoth (OL, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fin
47、e and CoarseAggregatesC702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf
48、/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of
49、Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materia
