1、Designation: D7216 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility withTypical Seal Elastomers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test method described inthis standa
3、rd. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides a reference oil (TMC1006-1) and an assessment of the test results obtained with this oil and the reference elastomers. Bythese means, the laboratory will know whether their use of the test method gives results statisticallysimilar to those
4、obtained by other laboratories.The TMC also uses the reference oil results on different batches of elastomers from differentlaboratories to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. Somespecifications, for example, Specification D4485, use the updated TMC stand
5、ard deviation estimates,pertaining at the time test oils are evaluated, to adjust specification limits for the effects of the industrytest variability.Various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services in seeking qualification of oilsagainst specifications. For example, the U.S. Arm
6、y imposes such a requirement in connection withseveral Army engine lubricating oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat
7、refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued by the TMC. In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to this test method.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for theevaluation of the compatibility of automotive eng
8、ine oils withseveral reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealingmaterials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluatedby determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness,and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens areimmersed in the oil for a specified time and
9、 temperature.1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical prop-erties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level ofresistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed.When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer issaid to be compatible with the liquid or oil.NO
10、TE 1The user of this test method should be proficient in the use ofTest Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersionin liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compat-ibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in theexecution of the o
11、perations of this test method.1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first orderevaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because sealsmight be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and theycan operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluationof the potential sealing p
12、erformance of any elastomer-oilcombination in any service condition usually requires testsadditional to those described in this test method.1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specifiedin this test method were chosen to be representative of thoseused in both heavy-duty diesel engines (d
13、etailed in Annex A1)and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are coveredin Annex A2). The procedures described in this test methodcan, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility ofautomotive engine oils with different elastomer types/1This test method is under the jurisdiction o
14、f ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0.07 on Development and Surveillance of Bench TestsMethods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2015 as D7216 15. DOI:10.1520/D7216-17.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerupdates changes in the test method by means of information letters. Informationletters can be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue,Pittsburgh, PA 15
16、206. (www.astmtmc.cmu.edu) Attention: Administrator. Thisedition incorporates revisions in all information letters through No. 17-2.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
17、ted StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barrier
18、s to Trade (TBT) Committee.1formulations or different test durations and temperatures tothose employed in this test method.NOTE 2In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision,where relevant, the user and supplier s
19、hould also agree: (1) test tempera-tures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typicalproperties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of theelastomer sheets.NOTE 3The TMC may also issue Information Letters on this matter.1.5 The values stated in SI units are
20、 to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reference Materials 7Procedure 8Calculations 9TMC 1006-1 Refere
21、nce Oil 10Report 11Precision and Bias 12Keywords 13Formulations and Physical Propertiesfor Reference Elastomers TypicallyUsed in Heavy-Duty Diesel EnginesAnnex A1Test Procedure for ReferenceElastomers Typically Used in Spark-Ignition EnginesAnnex A21.7 This standard does not purport to address all o
22、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in a
23、ccor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1
24、ASTM Standards:3D297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemical Analy-sisD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD2240 Test Method for Rubbe
25、r PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Active API ServiceCategory Engine OilsD5662 Test Method for Determining Automotive Gear OilCompatibility with Typical Oil Seal ElastomersE29 Practice for U
26、sing Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 SAE Standard:4SAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Char-acterizing the Effect of Liquids on Vulcanized Rubbers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 autom
27、otive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D41753.1.2 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have theperformance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specificat
28、ion. D41753.1.3 elastomer, na natural or synthetic polymer havingthe rubber-like property of substantially recovering its size andshape after removal of a deforming force. D41753.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heatp
29、articularly from the underside of pistons; and serves ascombustion gas sealant for the piston rings.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, depositformation, valve train wear, oil oxidation and foaming areexamples. D41753.1.5 formulation
30、, nthe specific chemical compositionused in manufacturing a seal elastomer or a reference oil.D56623.1.6 hardness, nof an elastomer, the resistance to defor-mation or indentation.3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn this test method the hardness of anelastomer is measured with a Shore Durometer A (see TestMethod D2
31、240). D41753.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal; combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuously at orclose to its peak output.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andconstruction equipment.
32、 D44853.1.8 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference oil,such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidateoil. D41753.1.9 reference oil, nan oil of known performancecharacteristics, used as a basis for comparison.3.1.9.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibratetesting faci
33、lities, to compare the performance of other oils, orto evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact withoils. D41753For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
34、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D7216 1723.1.10 tensile strength, nthe maximum tensile stress ap-plied in stretching a specimen to rupture. D15663.
35、1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure. D41753.1.12 ultimate elongation, nthe elongation at which rup-ture occurs in the application of continued tensile stress. D15663.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compatibility, nof an engine oil/elastom
36、ercombination, a characteristic that signifies a complete or highlevel of resistance of the elastomer to deleterious effectsimparted by contact with, or immersion in, the oil.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe phrase “high compatibility” indi-cates that after contact or immersion, the elastomer propertiesare mai
37、ntained at or near their initial level. The terms “lack ofcompatibility” and “low compatibility” indicate that aftercontact or immersion, the elastomer properties are adverselyaffected to an extent that could be detrimental to sealingperformance.3.2.2 immersion test, nan operation to evaluate compat
38、-ibility by determining the effect of a liquid on elastomer testspecimens submerged in the liquid for a specified time and ata specified temperature.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe effect of the liquid is evaluated bythe difference in (typical) elastomer physical properties pre-and post-immersion.3.2.3 refere
39、nce elastomer, nan elastomer compound pre-pared using a specified formulation; its immersion test prop-erties with selected oils have been well established by the useof recognized and accepted testing and documentation proce-dures.3.2.4 tensile stress at 50 % elongation, nthe stress re-quired to str
40、etch the uniform cross section of a test specimen to50 % elongation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Measurements of initial volume, hardness (DurometerA) and tensile properties are made on specimens of specifieddimensions cut from sheets of reference elastomers.4.1.1 Table 1 shows the types of elastome
41、rs involved,typical of those used in heavy-duty diesel engines.4.2 The elastomer specimens are immersed in both non-reference oil(s) and a reference oil and aged for 336 h atspecified temperatures.4.3 The effects of the test oils on the elastomers aredetermined by measuring the changes in volume, ha
42、rdness, andtensile properties resulting from the immersion in the oil.5. Significance and Use5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lackcompatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automo-tive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer aregreatest with new engine oil
43、s (that is, oils that have not beenexposed to an engines operating environment) and when theexposure is at elevated temperatures.5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) betested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressivefor some parameters under service conditions. This
44、relativecompatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predictedperformance of the non-reference oil in service.5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation inphysical properties, not only from batch to batch but alsowithin a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained withthe r
45、eference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to theTMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates,therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties ofthe reference elastomers on the test variability.5.4 This tes
46、t method is suitable for specification compliancetesting, quality control, referee testing, and research anddevelopment.5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physicalproperties involved in this test method address the specificrequirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for
47、compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are consideredtoo generalized for engine oils.6. Apparatus6.1 The testing equipment as specified in Test MethodsD412, D471, D2240, and D5662 is required for the use of thistest method.6.2 BalanceUse any commercially available balance ca-pable of weighi
48、ng to the nearest 0.1 mg. Equip the balance witha suspension hook and a platform to locate a hydrostatic-weighing beaker above the balance pan.6.2.1 CalibrationCalibrate the balance annually as de-scribed in Test Method D5662.6.3 Hardness Durometer ASee Test Method D2240. Use astand-mounted Duromete
49、r.6.3.1 CalibrationCalibrate the hardness Durometer annu-ally as described in Test Method D2240. Use an outside source,with standards traceable to the National Institute for StandardsTechnology (NIST), for annual calibration. Perform checkswith internal standards weekly. Checks with internal standardsshall be within 63 points. Calibrate internal standardsannually, using an outside source, with standards traceable toNIST.6.4 Tension Testing MachineSee the appropriate sectionsof Test Methods D412. The rate of grip separation for thetension testing s
