1、Designation: D8148 17Standard Test Method forSpectroscopic Determination of Haze in Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a spectroscopic procedure fordetermining the level of suspended water and particulatecontamination (haze) in liquid
3、middle distillate fuels includingthose blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels.1.1.1 An ordinal, whole-number, Instrument Haze Rating(IHR) from 1 to 6 and a Haze Clarity Index (HCI) from 50.0 to100.0 are determined on a test specimen at a temperature of22.0 C 6 2.0 C.1.1.1.1 The stated pre
4、cision only applies at this temperature.1.1.1.2 Fuels analyzed at other test specimen temperaturesmay not be as precise.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. Other units of measurement included in this standardare defined in Section 3.1.3 This standard does not purport to
5、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was d
6、eveloped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced
7、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4177 Pract
8、ice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricants3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definition
9、s of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 check standard cuvette, ncuvette containing a certi-fied solid semi-transparent material that is used to confirminstrument operation and calibration.3.2.2 clear-and-bright (also termed clean-and-bright),adja condition in which the fuel is free of haze or cl
10、oudiness.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis clear and bright definition doesnot consider the presence of visible water droplets or solidparticulates and is restricted to the presence of visible haze orcloudiness in the sample.3.2.3 crown glass, na type of optical glass having a lowrefractive index and low dispe
11、rsion.3.2.4 cuvette transfer time, na user-set timed event thatlimits the amount of time the operator has to prepare the testspecimen and instrument for analysis.3.2.5 Haze Clarity Index (HCI), na numerical value from50.0 to 100.0 that indicates fuel clarity derived from spectro-scopic measurements
12、and an algorithm.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe HCI values increase with sampleclarity and ranges from 100.0 HCI (very clear and bright) to50.0 HCI (very cloudy and opaque). Accordingly, a fuel withan HCI value of 90.0 has less haze than a fuel with an HCIvalue of 80.0. HCI can be used to evaluate haze inten
13、sitychanges within a given IHR.3.2.6 Instrument Haze Rating (IHR), nan ordinal, whole-number from 1 to 6, that corresponds to haze ratings defined inTest Method D4176, Procedure 2 and is assigned to the testspecimen based upon spectroscopic measurements and analgorithm.3.2.7 optically clear, adjtran
14、sparent to light having wave-lengths from 340 nm to 2500 nm.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of LiquidFuels.Curren
15、t edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. DOI:10.1520/D8148-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、nthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDe
17、velopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.8 sample shaking time, na user-set timed event thatestablishes the duration of sample agitation or swirling prior tobeginning test specimen prepara
18、tion.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 Ddepth3.3.2 Hheight3.3.3 HCIHaze Clarity Index3.3.4 IHRInstrument Haze Rating3.3.5 IRinfrared3.3.6 LEDlight emitting diode3.3.7 NIRnear-infrared3.3.8 Wwidth4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test unit (sample) is conditioned (allowed to heat orcool) to a test temperature o
19、f 22.0 C 6 2.0 C. WarningSome laboratory analyzed fuel samples may not exhibit thepresence of haze found when the sample was originallycollected. See Appendix X1.4.2 Proprietary optics, software, and calibration materialsare used to provide a numerical Instrument Haze Rating (IHR)and Haze Clarity In
20、dex (HCI) of the fuel sample after a testspecimen is placed into an optically clear cuvette and measuredaccording to Beer-Lambert Law for percent transmittance andnephelometric principles for percent light scatter.4.2.1 The IHR and HCI are obtained by comparison of themeasurements in 4.2 to a previo
21、usly prepared calibration curveand applied to an algorithm to obtain:4.2.1.1 An ordinal instrument haze rating (IHR) from 1 to 6corresponding to those described for Test Method D4176,Procedure 2.4.2.1.2 A Haze Clarity Index (HCI) from 50.0 to 100.0 thatmay be used to evaluate haze intensity in gener
22、al.5. Significance and Use5.1 It has long been the practice to include in fuel specifi-cations a requirement that the fuel is clear and bright.5.2 One primary cause for failure to meet this specificationrequirement is the occurrence of a cloudy or hazy appearancecaused by suspended solid particulate
23、s or water or somecombination of both.5.2.1 This cloudiness or haze can range from barely visibleto opaque.5.3 This test method provides an objective analytical meansfor providing a haze rating that does not depend on subjectivevisual ratings that typically vary with operator and lightingconditions.
24、6. Apparatus6.1 Haze Rating Instrument,3meeting the following speci-fications:NOTE 1All precision testing has been performed using Color Choicehz and Clarity Choice hz instruments. The precisions statistics provided inSection 16 will not apply to tests performed using other instrumentation.6.1.1 The
25、 instruments are portable and self-contained unitsoperating on an alternating current (ac) power source. Powercords are furnished for various voltages.6.1.2 Both instrument models are identically sized and sharethe same control panel as shown in Fig. 1.6.1.3 All of the controls are located in a push
26、-button arrayon the control panel. Both instrument types may also becontrolled by the touch screen or by computer mouse.6.1.4 The spectrometer, nephelometric sensors, and testspecimen temperature measuring device are located in the testspecimen cuvette chamber.6.1.4.1 Spectrometer/Nephelometer, cons
27、isting of a combi-nation of a near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diode (LED)light source and photodiodes positioned to measure transmis-sion and scatter across the test specimen.6.1.4.2 Temperature Measuring Device, non-contact infra-red (IR) thermopile-based temperature sensor, with an accu-racy of
28、 62.0 C and a range of 4.0 C to 38.0 C.6.2 Check Standard Cuvette(s),3one or more 10.0 mm W by15.0 mm D by 38.0 mm H inside dimension crown glasscuvettes having four optically clear walls that contain acertified solid semi-transparent material (optional).6.3 Crown Glass Cuvette, inside dimensions 10
29、.0 mm W by15.0 mm D by 38 mm H; optically clear on all four sides.6.3.1 Cuvette dimensions are 60.1 mm.6.4 Printer, (optional).3The sole source of supply for the apparatus, calibration materials and checkstandard cuvettes known to the committee at this time is ChoiceAnalytical, Inc., 52721st St., Su
30、ite 327, Galveston, TX 77550, . If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Haze Apparatus ModelsD8148 1
31、726.5 Temperature-Controlled Bath, of suitable dimensionsand capable of controlling the sample container temperaturewithin 60.5 C of the desired temperature for laboratory teststhat require measurements to be made at a specific temperature(optional).7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsRea
32、gent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,4where such specifications are available. Other grades may beused, provided it is fi
33、rst ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Haze Calibration Set, consisting of six calibrationmaterials certified to correspond to the ordinal number 1 to 6haze rating described by Test Method D4176, Procedu
34、re 2.7.2.1 Haze Calibration Sets are stable for up to one yearunopened.7.2.2 Select proprietary quality control procedures are em-ployed to ensure calibration set consistency.7.3 n-Dodecane, CH3(CH2)10CH399.0% purity.7.4 Expendable materials needed to perform the test consistof the following:7.4.1 D
35、isposable dispensing pipet, approximate 5 mLcapac-ity.7.4.2 Lint-free optical lens wipes.8. Hazards8.1 Hazards are typical of those experienced when handlingfuel. There are no additional hazards associated with this testmethod.9. Sampling9.1 Obtain a test unit (sample) in accordance with PracticeD40
36、57 or Practice D4177.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Power-up (turn on) the apparatus and allow sufficientwarm-up time as indicated by the instrument ready statusmessage located on the apparatus home screen.10.2 Follow manufacturers recommendations to enter theUpdate Haze Settings mode.10.2.1 Highl
37、ight each respective field and set sample shak-ing time to 15.0 s, cuvette transfer time to 45.0 s, and timebetween scans to 1000.0 ms using the on-screen numericdisplay.10.2.1.1 Users may choose alternative sample shaking,cuvette transfer times, and between scan times to accommodateoperator experie
38、nce, sample characteristics, or other factors;however precision and bias data provided in Section 16 do notapply.10.2.2 Activate the displayed Save button and upon confir-mation that settings have been successfully saved, activate theNext or Home button to exit the Update Haze Settings mode.11. Cali
39、bration11.1 Obtain a temperature-conditioned (see 12.1) high pu-rity dodecane (7.3) material and a temperature-conditioned(see 12.1) instrument manufacturer supplied haze calibrationset (7.2).11.2 Follow manufacturers recommendations to enter theHaze Calibration mode.11.2.1 Activate the Next button
40、to display the calibrationqueue; Calibration Reference is highlighted.11.2.2 Activate the Next button to display the analysis Startscreen.11.3 Analyze the dodecane as the reference material asfollows:11.3.1 Vigorously shake the dodecane sample to suspendany sediment or silt.11.3.2 Carefully inspect
41、the container to ensure all sedimentand silt is suspended.11.3.3 Briefly place the container on a stable surface andallow visible air bubbles to rise or dissipate (typically less than30.0 s).11.3.4 Once air bubbles have risen or dissipated, promptlyactivate the instrument by pressing the Start butto
42、n (sampleshaking time starts).11.3.5 During the time allowed, gently shake or swirl thedodecane to ensure sediment or silt remains suspended in thesample.11.3.6 Once sample shaking time has elapsed, as promptedby the instrument, cease agitation (cuvette transfer time starts).11.3.7 The instrument au
43、tomatically displays and countsdown the cuvette transfer time.11.3.7.1 Open the dodecane sample container and use adisposable dispensing pipette (7.4.1) to promptly rinse a cleancuvette (6.3) with the material to be tested.11.3.7.2 Dispose of the rinse material and use the pipette tofill the cuvette
44、 to its 80 % to 90 % full capacity (approximately5 mL of test specimen).11.3.7.3 Clean all four cuvette optical surfaces to removeany smudges or liquids with a lint free wipe (7.4.2). Open thetest compartment and place the test specimen into the instru-ment haze cuvette holder.11.3.8 When the cuvett
45、e is installed and its testing chamberis closed within the allotted cuvette transfer time, the testspecimen analysis is performed automatically.11.3.9 Remove the cuvette and dispose of the test specimen.11.4 Follow on screen instructions to analyze each of thecalibration materials to createa1to6inst
46、rument haze ratingcalibration curve.11.4.1 Following the reference material analysis, the cali-bration queue is displayed and calibration point one is high-lighted.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing o
47、f reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D8148 17311.4.2 Activate the Next button to display t
48、he analysis Startscreen.11.4.3 Follow procedures described for the dodecane refer-ence material in 11.3.1 11.3.9 to analyze the haze rating 1calibration material.11.4.4 Following the calibration point 1 analysis, the cali-bration queue is again displayed and calibration point 2 ishighlighted.11.4.5
49、Follow procedures described in 11.4.2 and 11.4.3 toanalyze calibration point 2 and each of the four remaining hazerating calibration materials.11.5 Following analysis of the haze reference and all sixcalibration materials, activate the displayed Next button toenter the calibration review screen.11.6 Confirm that each of the 1 to 6 calibration points has anHCI value.11.7 Highlight then activate the Calibration Accept button.11.8 When the Calibration Accepted message is displayed,activate the Home button to exit the calibratio
