1、Designation: E100 10Standard Specification forASTM Hydrometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates t
2、he year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of variousscale graduation systems, as requ
3、ired by the ASTM TestMethods in which they are used.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
4、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Per-manent Records3E1
5、 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifica-tion of ASTM HydrometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM
6、Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in TerminologyE344 apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ledger paper, na paper characterized by strength,high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, inkreceptivity
7、, uniformity of surface, and smoothness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOriginally, ledger paper was used es-pecially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surfacesized, frequently subjected to appreciable wear, and shall havea high degree of permanence and durability.3.2.2 length of the scale, nlength
8、of the nominal range inthe stem, not including graduations extending above and belowthe nominal limits.3.2.3 relative density (formerly specific gravity), nratio ofthe mass of a given volume of material at a stated temperatureto the mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at thesame or d
9、ifferent temperature. Both reference temperaturesshall be explicitly stated.3.2.3.1 DiscussionCommon reference temperatures in-clude 60F/60F, 20C/20C, 20C/4C. The historic termspecific gravity may still be found.3.2.4 specific gravity, nan historic term, replaced byrelative density.3.2.4.1 Discussio
10、nhydrometers manufactured to this stan-dard may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with bothdesignations. The two terms are both equally acceptable in thisstandard and are used interchangeably.3.2.5 thermohydrometer, nglass hydrometer having anintegral thermometer.3.2.6 top of the hydrometer, ntop
11、of the finished instru-ment.3.2.7 total length, noverall length of the finished hydrom-eter.4. Specifications4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailedspecifications in Table 1 and to the general requirementsspecified in Sections 5-15.4.2 Hydrometers shall be subjected to the inspectio
12、n criteriafound in Section 16 and the standardization criteria found inSection 17.4.3 Hydrometers manufactured to previous revisions of thisspecification shall retain the same ASTM status as thosemeeting current specifications.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTem
13、perature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E100 05. DOI:10.1520/E0100-10.2For referen
14、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is refe
15、rencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 At the time of purchase, scale errors shall be within themaximum scale error found in Table 1.5. Type5.1 Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-di
16、splacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, exceptfor the scale, ballast, and the thermometric liquid of thermo-hydrometers.5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall besymmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no unevenor unnecessary thickening of the walls, and no abrupt c
17、hangesor constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend totrap air bubbles when the instrument is immersed.5.3 The hydrometer shall always float with its axis verticalin liquids for which it is intended.5.4 The hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the insidewhen sealed. The top of the st
18、em shall be neatly roundedwithout unnecessary thickening.5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free ofbubbles, cracks, strain patterns, or other imperfections thatmight interfere with the use of the hydrometer. The glass shalladequately resist the reaction of chemical agents to whichhydrom
19、eters may be exposed and shall have suitable thermalproperties to permit its use over the range of temperatures towhich it may be subjected. In general, glasses suitable forconstructing the bulbs of thermometers are satisfactory forhydrometers.5.6 The API hydrometers are intended to be used in con-j
20、unction with Test Method D287, hydrometer readings beingcorrected using Guide D1250, IP 200. Therefore, these hy-drometers shall be made of glass having a coefficient ofvolumetric or cubical expansion of approximately 0.000023/1C or 0.0000128/1F at 15.56C (60F).6. Body6.1 The preferred shapes for th
21、e bodies of hydrometers areshown in Figs. 1 and 2.7. Ballast7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lowerpart of the body, and no loose material of any sort may beinside a hydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballastsecurely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105C(221F
22、).7.2 A solid material, such a shot, may be placed in a smallbulb below the main bulb of the hydrometer and then melted orsecured by cement.7.3 If steel shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shallnot soften below 105C (221F).(a) Plain Hydrometer (b) Thermohydrometer withThermometer in Body(c) Th
23、ermohydrometer withThermometer in StemFIG. 1 Typical Hydrometers DesignsE100 1027.4 Mercury shall not be used as ballast material in plainform hydrometers.8. Stem8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with noperceptible irregularities. It shall extend at least 15 mm abovethe top graduation
24、and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mmbelow the lowest graduation.9. Scale9.1 The material for the scale is not specified. However, ifpaper is used, it shall only be ledger paper, meeting thespecifications in Specification D3290. The scale may beanchored by a design which prevents it from moving;
25、other-wise, it shall be fixed in place with cement that will not softenbelow 105C (221F) and will not deteriorate with time. Thepaper shall show no evidence of scorching or charring whenreceived or after use at 105C (221F). The scale shall bestraight and without twist.10. Markings10.1 Graduation lin
26、es and inscriptions shall be in a perma-nent black marking material, such as India ink.10.2 All graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines notexceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, andin no case more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicularto the vertical axis of the h
27、ydrometer. The lengths of maindivision lines, subdivision lines, and intermediate lines, if used,shall be so chosen as to facilitate readings. The shortest linesshall be at least 2 mm long.10.3 All numbers on API hydrometers shall be complete.The numbers for the 0.050 graduation lines on relative de
28、nsity(specific gravity) and density hydrometers shall include thevalues for the first three decimal places, for example: 0.750,0.900, 1.100; the other numbered lines may be abbreviated.10.4 Relative density (specific gravity) hydrometers may bemarked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations.
29、 The twoterms are both acceptable in this standard and are usedinterchangeably.10.5 For cemented scales, there shall be a permanentreference mark on the stem or on the scale of the hydrometercorresponding to a designated reference mark on the scale.NOTE 1An etched mark, visible to the naked eye, on
30、the stemcorresponding to the first nominal line on the scale or a red length of glassinside the stem ending at the top nominal line are examples of acceptablemeans of scale slip indicators.11. Graduation11.1 All hydrometers shall be graduated to read correctlywhere the plane of the level liquid surf
31、ace intersects the stem.11.2 Hydrometers indicating density shall be graduated toindicate, at the temperature marked on the scale, the density ofliquids in kilograms per cubic metre.11.3 Relative Density (specific gravity) hydrometers shallbe graduated to indicate the ratio of the mass of a unit vol
32、umeof the liquid at the stated temperature to the mass of the samevolume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.11.4 API hydrometers shall be graduated to give degrees ofAPI gravity obtained as follows:API Gravity, deg 5 141.5/relative density 60/60F!# 2 131.5(1)11.5 A list of liquids s
33、uitable for comparisons of hydrom-eters is found in Table 2 of Practice E126.12. Thermohydrometers12.1 The thermometer shall be of the mercury-in-glasstype.WarningMercury has been designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver
34、 damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website,http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additio
35、nal informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercurycontaining products, or both, into your state may be prohibitedby state law.12.2 The capillary stem shall be essentially parallel to thehydrometer axis.12.3 When the thermometer scale is located in the stem ofthe hydrometer, the
36、scale shall be in red to distinguish it fromthe hydrometer scale.12.4 When the thermometer scale is in the stem, calibrationand testing of the thermometer shall be based on immersion ofthe thermometer scale to the level of the mercury in thethermometer stem (total immersion).FIG. 2 Soil HydrometersE
37、100 10312.5 The requirements in Section 9 for the scale of thehydrometer shall apply also to the scale of the thermometer.12.6 The thermometer shall be calibrated in accordancewith Test Method E77.13. Special Inscription13.1 There shall appear on the scale or an extension thereof,or on a suitable la
38、bel cemented permanently to the inside of theinstrument, an inscription that indicates the purpose of thehydrometer. If necessary, this inscription should denote theliquid for which the hydrometer is intended, the temperature atwhich it is to be used, and the character of the indication.13.2 The des
39、ignation of standard temperature and referencetemperature may be abbreviated, for example, sp gr 60/60F,means that the hydrometer indicates at 60F the relativedensity (specific gravity) of the liquid, referred to water at 60Fas unity.13.3 The inscription shall include also the hydrometernumber (1H,
40、6H, and so forth) but not the year designation (62,and so forth); a unique serial number; and the name ortrademark of the manufacturer or vendor.14. Standardization14.1 Hydrometers shall be calibrated and verified per Prac-tice E126.14.2 When calibrations are made at three scale points, thecalibrati
41、on points shall include at least 80 % of the graduatedinterval of the scale. Neither of the extreme points shall befarther from the nearest end of the graduated scale than adistance represented by 25 % of the length of the graduatedscale. No two adjacent points shall be farther apart than 50 %of the
42、 length of the graduated scale.14.3 When calibrating thermohydrometers, the thermometerin the instrument shall not be used to determine the temperatureof the bath. An ASTM Gravity Thermometer as prescribed inSpecifications E1 (ASTM 12C/ASTM 12F or ASTM 136C/ASTM 136F) or E2251 (ASTM S12C/ASTM S12F),
43、 or aninstrument of equal sensitivity and accuracy, shall be used.15. Case15.1 The hydrometer shall be supplied in suitable packagingon which shall appear the ASTM number, name, and range, asgiven in Table 1.15.2 The thermohydrometer packaging shall meet the re-quirements of 15.1 and shall also ensu
44、re that no mercuryleakage will occur should the thermohydrometer break inshipment or storage. Thermohydrometers shall be properlylabeled to warn users/handlers that the instrument inside thepackaging contains mercury.16. Procedure for Inspections16.1 Manufacturers shall perform the following inspect
45、ionsbefore releasing finished instruments. For quality assurancepurposes a robust percentage of each lot of instruments shall beinspected. If a Certificate of Conformance, however named, isissued for each instrument, the certificate shall state the qualityassurance procedure the manufacturer uses to
46、 issue the certifi-cate.16.2 Visual Inspection:16.2.1 Inspect the hydrometer carefully to be certain thereare no cracks, fissures, deep scratches, rough areas, or otherobvious damage to the glass. Reject the hydrometer if any ofthese defects are present. The glass of the hydrometer shallmeet all the
47、 requirements of 5.5.16.2.2 Inspect the hydrometer carefully for loose pieces ofballast or other foreign material within the instrument. Ifpresent, reject the instrument.16.2.3 Inspect the paper scale within the hydrometer stem.The paper scale shall be straight and without twist.16.2.4 Inspect for t
48、he presence of a scale slippage indicator.If a permitted scale slippage indicator is damaged, incorrectlypositioned, or not present, reject the instrument.16.3 Dimensional Inspection:16.3.1 Check the linear dimensions and diameters for com-pliance with the requirements in Table 1 by comparing thehyd
49、rometer using graduated metal scales of the conventionaltype or metal templates with lines ruled at suitable distancesfrom reference points corresponding to the maximum andminimum values defined in Table 1. A micrometer may also beused for checking diameters.16.3.2 Inspect the hydrometers for correctness of the gradu-ation spacing. API hydrometers are graduated with equalspacing. The interval between graduations of density andrelative density (specific gravity) hydrometers is smaller nearthe bottom of the scale. The proper spacing shall be
