1、Designation: E 1525 02Standard Guide forDesigning Biological Tests with Sediments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1525; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 As the contamination of freshwater and saltwater eco-systems continues to be reduced through the implementation ofregulations governing both poin
3、t and non-point source dis-charges, there is a growing emphasis and concern regardinghistorical inputs and their influence on water and sedimentquality. Many locations in urban areas exhibit significantsediment contamination, which poses a continual and long-term threat to the functional condition o
4、f benthic communitiesand other species inhabiting these areas (1).2Benthic commu-nities are an important component of many ecosystems andalterations of these communities may affect water-column andnonaquatic species.1.2 Biological tests with sediments are an efficient meansfor evaluating sediment co
5、ntamination because they provideinformation complementary to chemical characterizations andecological surveys (2). Acute sediment toxicity tests can beused as screening tools in the early phase of an assessmenthierarchy that ultimately could include chemical measurementsor bioaccumulation and chroni
6、c toxicity tests. Sediment testshave been applied in both saltwater and freshwater environ-ments (2-6). Sediment tests have been used for dredge materialpermitting, site ranking for remediation, recovery studiesfollowing management actions, and trend monitoring. A par-ticularly important application
7、 is for establishing contaminant-specific effects and the processes controlling contaminantbioavailability (7).1.3 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Application 4Summary of Guide 5Significance and Use 6Hazards 7Sediment Test Types 8Biological Responses 9Test
8、 Organisms 10Experimental Design Considerations 11Data Interpretation 12Keywords 131.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
9、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1129 Terminology
10、 Relating to WaterD 4447 Guide for the Disposal of Laboratory Chemicalsand SamplesE 724 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity TestsStaring with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater BivalveMolluscE 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests withFishes, Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE 943
11、Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE 1367 Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment Tox-icity Tests with Marine and Estuarine AmphipodsE 1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity
12、Tests withFreshwater InvertebratesE 1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological TestingE 1563 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Testswith Echinoid EmbryosE 1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withPolychaetous AnnelidsE 1
13、676 Guide for Conducting a Laboratory Soil ToxicityTest with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia foetidaE 1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of 8Sub
14、committeeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved February 2002. Published March 2002. Originallypublished as E 1525 93. Last previous edition E 1525 94a.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM
15、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM
16、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Sediment-associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-bratesE 1706 Test Methods for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-associated Contaminates with Freshwater Inver-tebratesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Us
17、e of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 Other Standards:Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.132 (f)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an ab
18、solute requirement, that is, to state that thetest ought to be designed to satisfy a specific condition, unlessthe purpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” isused only in connection with the factors that apply directly tothe acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to state that th
19、especified conditions are recommended and ought to be met inmost tests. Although a violation of one “should” is rarely aserious matter, violation of several will often render the resultsquestionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,”and “might be desirable” are used in connection w
20、ith lessimportant factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are) allowed to,”“can” is used to mean“ is (are) able to,” and “might” is used tomean “could possibly.” Thus, the classic distinction between“may” and“ can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as asynonym of either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For de
21、finitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E 729, Terminologies D 1129 and E 943, and GuideE 1023. For an explanation of the units and symbols, refer toIEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bioaccumulationthe net uptake of a material by anorganism from it
22、s environment through exposure by means ofwater and food.3.2.2 concentrationthe ratio of the weight or volume oftest material(s) to the weight or volume of test sample.3.2.3 control sedimenta sediment that is essentially freeof contaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabil-ity of a tes
23、t.3.2.4 elutriatethe water and soluble portion extractedfrom the sediment.3.2.5 exposurecontact with a chemical or physical agent.3.2.6 overlying waterthe water placed over the solidphase of a sediment in the test chamber for the conduct of thebiological test; this may also include the water used to
24、manipulate the sediments. In field situations, the water columnabove the sediment/water interface.3.2.7 pore water/interstitial waterwater occupying spacebetween sediment or soil particles.3.2.8 reference sedimenta whole sediment near the area ofconcern used to assess sediment conditions exclusive o
25、fmaterial(s) of interest.3.2.9 sediment(1) particulate material that usually liesbelow water and (2) formulated paticulate matter that isintended to lie below water in a test.3.2.10 spiked sedimenta sediment to which a material hasbeen added for experimental purposes.3.2.11 suspensiona slurry of sed
26、iment and water.3.2.12 toxicitythe property of a material or combinationof materials to affect organisms adversely.3.2.13 whole sedimentsediment and associated pore waterthat has had minimal manipulation following collection orformulation.4. Application4.1 An ASTM guide outlines a series of options
27、or instruc-tions and does not recommend a specific course of action. Thepurpose of a guide is to offer guidance, based on a consensusof viewpoints, but not to establish a fixed procedure.Aguide isintended to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques in a given subject area and to pro
28、vide informationfrom which subsequent evaluation and standardization can bederived.4.2 This guide provides general interpretative guidance onthe selection, application, and interpretation of biological testswith sediments. As such, this guide serves as a preface to otherASTM documents describing met
29、hods for sediment collection,storage, and manipulation (Guide E 1391); and toxicity orbioaccumulation tests with sediment ( Guides E 724, E 1367,E 1391, E 1611, E 1563, E 1688, and Test Method E 1706).Much of the guidance presented in this standard is alsoapplicable to toxicity testing of soils (Gui
30、de E 1676). Thisguide serves as an introduction and summary of sedimenttesting and is not meant to provide specific guidance on testmethods. Rather, its intent is to provide information necessaryto accomplish the following:4.2.1 Select a sediment exposure strategy appropriate to theassessment need.
31、For example, a suspended phase exposure isrelevant to the evaluation of dredged sediments for disposal ata dispersive aquatic site. (See Annex A1).4.2.2 Select the test organism and biological endpointsappropriate to the desired exposure and aquatic resources atrisk. For example, the potential for w
32、ater quality problems andsubsequent effects on oyster beds may dictate the use ofsediment elutriate exposures with bivalve larvae (GuideE 724).4.2.3 Establish an experimental design consistent with theobjectives of the sediment evaluation. The use of appropriatecontrols is particularly important for
33、 evaluating sedimentcontamination (see Section 11).4.2.4 Determine which statistical procedures should beapplied to analysis of the data, and define the limits ofapplicability of the resultant analyses in data interpretation(Test Method E 1706).5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides general guid
34、ance and objectives forconducting biological tests with sediments. Detailed technicalinformation on the conduct and evaluation of specific sedimenttests is included in other documents referenced in this guide.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington DC
35、20402.E15250225.2 Neither this guide nor any specific test methodology canadequately address the multitude of technical factors that mustbe considered when designing and conducting a specificinvestigation. The intended use of this document is thereforenot to provide detailed guidance, but rather to
36、assist theinvestigator in developing technically sound and environmen-tally relevant biological tests that adequately address thequestions being posed by a specific investigation.6. Significance and Use6.1 Contaminated sediments may affect natural populationsof aquatic organisms adversely. Sediment-
37、dwelling organismsmay be exposed directly to contaminants by the ingestion ofsediments and by the uptake of sediment-associated contami-nants from interstitial and overlying water. Contaminatedsediments may affect water column species directly by servingas a source of contaminants to overlying water
38、s or a sink forcontaminants from overlying waters. Organisms may also beaffected when contaminated sediments are suspended in thewater column by natural or human activities. Water columnspecies and nonaquatic species may also be affected indirectlyby contaminated sediments by the transfer of contami
39、nantsthrough ecosystems (7, 8).6.2 The procedures described in this guide may be used andadapted for incorporation in basic and applied research todetermine the ecological effects of contaminated sediments.These same methods may also be used in the development andimplementation of monitoring and reg
40、ulatory programs de-signed to prevent and manage sediment contamination.6.3 Sediment tests with aquatic organisms can be used toquantify the acute and chronic toxicity and the bioavailabilityof new and presently used materials. Sediment toxicity mayalso result from environmental processes such as am
41、moniageneration, pH shifts, or dissolved oxygen fluctuation. In manycases, consideration of the adverse effects of sediment-associated contaminants is only one part of a complete hazardassessment of manufactured compounds that are applied di-rectly to the environment (for example, pesticides) and th
42、osereleased (for example, through wastewater effluents) as by-products from the manufacturing process or from municipali-ties (7).6.4 Sediment tests can be used to develop exposure-response relationships for individual toxicants by spiking cleansediments with varying concentrations of a test chemica
43、l anddetermining the concentration that elicits the target response inthe test organism (Guide E 1391). Sediment tests can also bedesigned to determine the effects that the physical and chemi-cal properties of sediments have on the bioavailability andtoxicity of compounds.6.5 Sediment tests can prov
44、ide valuable information formaking decisions regarding the management of contaminatedsediments from hazardous waste sites and other contaminatedareas. Biological tests with sediments can also be used to makedefensible management decisions on the dredging and disposalof potentially contaminated sedim
45、ents from rivers and harbors.(7, 8), Test Method E 1706.)7. Hazards7.1 General Precautions:7.1.1 Development and maintenance of an effective healthand safety program in the laboratory requires an ongoingcommitment by laboratory management and includes: (1) theappointment of a laboratory health and s
46、afety officer with theresponsibility and authority to develop and maintain a safetyprogram, (2) the preparation of a formal, written health andsafety plan, which is provided to each laboratory staff member,(3) an ongoing training program on laboratory safety, and (4)regular safety inspections.7.1.2
47、Collection and use of sediments may involve substan-tial risk to personal safety and health. Chemicals in field-collected sediment may include carcinogenics, mutagens, andother potentially toxic compounds. Inasmuch as sedimenttesting is often started before chemical analysis can be com-pleted, worke
48、r contact with sediment needs to be minimized by(1) using gloves, laboratory coats, safety glasses, face shieldsand respirators as appropriate, (2) manipulating sedimentsunder a ventilated hood or in an enclosed glove box, and (3)enclosing and ventilating the exposure system. Personal col-lecting se
49、diment samples and conducting tests should take allsafety precautions necessary for the prevention of bodily injuryand illness which might result from ingestion or invasion ofinfectious agents, inhaltion or absorption of corrosive or toxicsubstances through skin contact, and asphixiation because oflack of oxygen or precense of noxious gases.7.1.3 Before beginning sample collection and laboratorywork, personnel should determine that all the required safetyequipment and materials have been obtained and are in goodcondition.7.2 Safety Equipment:7.2.1 Personal Safety Gear
