1、Designation: E1611 00 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forConducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with PolychaetousAnnelids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratorydata concerning the adverse effects of potentially contami
3、natedsediment, or of a test material added experimentally to con-taminated or uncontaminated sediment, on marine or estuarineinfaunal polychaetes during 10-day or 20 to 28-day exposures.These procedures are useful for testing the effects of variousgeochemical characteristics of sediments on marine a
4、nd estua-rine polychaetes and could be used to assess sediment toxicityto other infaunal taxa, although modifications of the proceduresappropriate to the test species might be necessary. Proceduresfor the 10-day static test are described for Neanthes arenaceo-dentata and Neanthes virens and for the
5、20 to 28-day static-renewal sediment toxicity for N. arenaceodentata.1.2 Modifications of these procedures might be appropriatefor other sediment toxicity test procedures, such as flow-through or partial life-cycle tests. The methods outlined in thisguide should also be useful for conducting sedimen
6、t toxicitytests with other aquatic taxa, although modifications might benecessary. Other test organisms might include other species ofpolychaetes, crustaceans, and bivalves.1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be ap-propriate for special needs or circumstances. Although usingappropriate
7、 procedures is more important than following pre-scribed procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusualprocedures are not likely to be comparable to those of manyother tests. Comparisons of the results obtained using modifiedand unmodified versions of these procedures might provideuseful i
8、nformation concerning new concepts and proceduresfor conducting sediment tests with infaunal organisms.1.4 These procedures are applicable to sediments contami-nated with most chemicals, either individually or informulations, commercial products, and known or unknownmixtures. These procedures can be
9、 used with appropriatemodifications to conduct sediment toxicity tests on factors suchas temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and naturalsediment characteristics (for example, particle size distribution,organic carbon content, and total solids). These procedures canalso be used to conduct b
10、ioconcentration tests and in situ tests,and to assess the toxicity of potentially contaminated fieldsediments, or of materials such as sewage sludge, oils, particu-late matter, and solutions of toxicants added to sediments. Amedian lethal concentration (LC50) or median sublethal effectconcentration
11、(EC50) of toxicants or of highly contaminatedsediment mixed into uncontaminated sediment can be deter-mined. Materials adhering to sediment particles or dissolved ininterstitial water can be tested.1.5 The results of 10-day toxicity tests with contaminatedsediments can be reported as a LC50 if a ser
12、ies of concentra-tions is tested or as a percent mortality relative to a control orreference sediment. The results of 20 to 28-day toxicity testswith contaminated sediments can be reported as a LC50 if aseries of concentrations is tested or as a percent mortality orgrowth relative to a control or re
13、ference sediment.1.6 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Facilities 7.1Construction Materials 7.2Test Chambers 7.3Cleaning 7.4Acceptability 7.5Hazards 8Test Water 9General Requirements 9.1Source
14、 9.2Preparation 9.3Characterization 9.4Test and Control Sediments 10General 10.1Characterization 10.2Control Sediment 10.3Field-Collected Test Sediment 10.4Reference Sediment 10.5Laboratory-Spiked Test Sediment 10.6Test Concentration(s) 10.7Addition of Toxicant to Sediment 10.8Test Organisms 11Speci
15、es 11.11This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fateand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved March 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last pr
16、evious edition approved in 2007 as E1611 - 00. DOI:10.1520/E1611-00R13.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SectionAge 11.2Feeding 11.3Source 11.4Collection a
17、nd Handling 11.5Quality 11.6Experimental Design 12Controls 12.2Field Survey Design 12.3Laboratory Experiments 12.4Procedure 13Dissolved Oxygen 13.1Temperature 13.2Salinity 13.3Light 13.4Feeding 13.5Beginning of Test 13.6Duration of Test 13.7Biological Data 13.8Other Measurements 13.9Analytical Metho
18、dology 14Acceptability of Test 15Interpretation of Results 16Report 17Keywords 18AnnexesNeanthes arenaceodentata Annex A1Neanthes virens Annex A21.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purp
19、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardsstatements are given in Secti
20、on 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3976 Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples forChemical AnalysisD4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals andSamplesE729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinver
21、tebrates, and Amphib-iansE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aque-ous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes,Macroinvertebrate
22、s, and AmphibiansE1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Testswith FishesE1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-vertebratesE1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxic
23、ological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebratesE1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater InvertebratesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standar
24、d forUse of the International System of Units (SI): The ModernMetric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express the strongest possible recommendation, justshort of an absolute requ
25、irement, that is, to state that this testought to be designed to satisfy the specific condition, unless thepurpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” is usedonly in connection with factors that relate directly to theacceptability of the test (see Section 14). “Should” is used tostate th
26、at the specific condition is recommended and ought tobe met if possible. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, the violation of several will often renderthe results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is oftendesirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in conne
27、ctionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2
28、 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, referto Terminologies D1129 and E943, Guides E729, E1023,E1192, E1367, and E1525. For an explanation of units andsymbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clean sediment, nsediment that does
29、not containconcentrations of toxicants that cause apparent stress to the testorganism or reduce their survival.3.2.2 control sediment, na sediment that is essentially freeof contaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabil-ity of a test.3.2.3 estimated individual dry weight, na value that
30、 iscalculated by dividing the total dry weight by the number ofsurviving worms within a replicate.3.2.4 exposure, ncontact with a chemical or physicalagent (see Terminology E943).3.2.5 interstitial water, nwater occupying the space be-tween sediment or soil particles; a synonym for pore water.3.2.6
31、overlying water, nthe water added to the test cham-ber over the solid phase of the sediment in a toxicity test.3.2.7 pore water, nwater occupying the space betweensediment particles; a synonym for interstitial water.3.2.8 reference sediment, na whole sediment near the areaof concern used to assess s
32、ediment conditions exclusive ofmaterial(s) of interest.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E1611
33、00 (2013)23.2.9 sediment, nparticulate material that usually liesbelow water. Formulated particulate material that is intended tolie below water in a test.3.2.10 short-term toxicity tests, ngenerally used to deter-mine the concentration of test material that produces a specificadverse effect on a sp
34、ecific percentage of test organisms duringa short exposure (for example, 10 days). Because death isobviously an important adverse effect and is detected easily formany species, the most common end point is survival. Bothsurvival and growth are used as end points in the 20 to 28-daytest. Effect on 50
35、 % of a group of test organisms is the mostexperimentally reproducible and easily determined measure oftoxicity, and 96 h is often a convenient, useful exposureduration. The measure used most often in acute tests istherefore the 96-h LC50 value. In tests with contaminatedsediment, however, the expos
36、ure period is generally 10 days or20 to 28 days. Death is used as the measure of toxicity in the10-day test; the results are reported as a 10-day LC50 orresponse relative to a control or reference sediment. Dry bodyweight is used as the measure of effect in the 20 to 28-day testor the 20 to 28-day L
37、C50 if dilutions are tested.3.2.11 spiked sediments, na sediment to which a materialhas been added for experimental purposes.3.2.12 toxicity, nthe property of a material or combinationof materials that affects organisms adversely (see TerminologyE943).3.2.13 whole sediment, nsediment that has not ha
38、d mate-rial extracted or removed.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Two procedures are used to measure the relative toxicityof marine or estuarine sediments to polychaetes: (1) the 10-daytest, which measures the effect of contaminated sediment onsurvival; and (2) the 20 to 28-day test, which determines theeffec
39、t of contaminated sediment on survival and growth. Ifsmaller worms are used, such as N. arenaceodentata, fiveworms are placed in a 1-L glass test chamber with a minimumsediment depth of 2 to 3 cm and the overlying water aerated.Either young adult or recently emerged juveniles (2 to 3 weekspost-emerg
40、ence) worms are used in the 10-day test; onlyrecently emerged (2 to 3 weeks) juveniles are used in the 20 to28-day test. The survival of the worm exposed to the testsediment is compared with the survival in a negative control orreference sediment in the 10-day test. The same procedure isused in the
41、20 to 28-day test, except for the test duration (seeAnnex A1). If larger worms are used, such as N. virens, tenworms are placed in a glass aquaria (4 to 37 L) with aminimum sediment depth of 10 cm and the overlying wateraerated. A negative control or reference sediment is used togive a measure of th
42、e acceptability of the test by (1) providingevidence of the health and relative quality of the testorganisms, suitability of the overlying water, test conditions,and handling procedures, etc.; and (2) providing a basis forinterpreting data obtained from the test sediments.4.1.1 The percent survival
43、of polychaetes exposed to field-collected sediment is compared to those exposed to a negativecontrol or reference sediment in 10-day tests. The survival andbody weight of the animals surviving in field-collected sedi-ment is compared to those exposed to negative control orreference sediment in 20 to
44、 28-day tests. The toxicity of fieldsediments may also be assessed by testing dilutions of highlytoxic test sediments with clean sediments to obtain informationon the toxicity of proportions of that sediment.4.1.2 The toxicity of a material added experimentally tosediments can be expressed by analyz
45、ing the survival andgrowth data to determine a LC50 for the material for theduration of exposure.4.2 The annexes at the end of this guide outline thetechniques for collecting, identifying, holding, and testing N.arenaceodentata and N. virens and culturing N. arenaceoden-tata.5. Significance and Use5
46、.1 The test procedure covered in this guide is not intendedto simulate exactly the exposure of benthic polychaetes tochemicals under natural conditions, but rather to provide aconveniently rapid, standard toxicity test procedure yielding areasonably sensitive indication of the toxicity of materials
47、inmarine and estuarine sediments.5.2 The protection of a community of organisms requiresaverting detrimental contaminant-related effects on the numberand health of individuals and species within that population.Sediment toxicity tests provide information on the toxicity oftest materials in sediments
48、. Theoretically, projection of themost sensitive species within a community will protect thecommunity as a whole.5.3 Polychaetes are an important component of the benthiccommunity. They are preyed upon by many species of fish,birds, and larger invertebrate species, and they are predators ofsmaller i
49、nvertebrates, larval stages of invertebrates, and, insome cases, algae, as well as organic material associated withsediment. Polychaetes are sensitive to both organic and inor-ganic chemicals (1, 2).3The ecological importance ofpolychaetes, their wide geographical distribution and ability tobe cultured in the laboratory, and sensitivity to chemicals,make them appropriate toxicity test organisms.5.4 An acute or 10-day toxicity test is conducted to obtaininformation concerning the immediate effects to a test materialon a test organism under specified experimental conditions
