1、Designation: E2243 13Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface MineReclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of coal combustion products(CCPs) for surface coal mine re
3、clamation applications, as inbeneficial use for reestablishing land contours, highwallreclamation, and other reclamation activities requiring fills orsoil replacement. The purpose of this standard is to provideguidance on identification of CCPs with appropriate engineer-ing and environmental perform
4、ance appropriate for surfacemine re-contouring and highwall reclamation applications. Itdoes not apply to underground mine reclamation applications.There are many important differences in physical and chemicalcharacteristics among the various types of CCPs available foruse in mine reclamation. CCPs
5、proposed for each project mustbe investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activitiesto meet the project objectives. This guide provides proceduresfor consideration of engineering, economic, and environmentalfactors in the development of such applications, and should beused in conjunction with
6、 professional judgement. This guide isnot intended to replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this guide be applied without consideration of aprojects unique aspects.1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof a po
7、llution prevention program; Guide E1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, andenergy.1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from thecombustion of coal.1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction
8、practices forusing CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generallyaccepted practices for using other materials, including cementand soils, in mine reclamation. For guidance on structural fillsto be constructed at mine sites, see applicable ASTM guide forcoal ash structural fills.1.5 Regulations go
9、verning the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this standard guide has the responsibility todetermine and comply with applicable regulations.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are pr
10、ovided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi
11、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD420 Guide to Site Char
12、acterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(
13、600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1195 Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests ofSoils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use inEvaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pave-mentsD1196 Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate Load
14、Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Oc
15、t. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2243-02 which waswithdrawn January 2011 and reinstated in October 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2243-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Serv
16、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
17、hohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and HighwayPavementsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1586 Test M
18、ethod for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil
19、and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3877 Test Methods for
20、One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4429 Test Method for CBR
21、(California Bearing Ratio) ofSoils in PlaceD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous
22、Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in SoilStabilizationD5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Moni-toring ProgramE1609 Guide for Development and Implementation of aPollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)3E2201 Terminology for
23、Coal Combustion Products (With-drawn 2011)32.2 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway andTransportation Offcials) Standards:4T 288 Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil ResistivityT 289 Determining pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion TestingT 290 Determining Water Soluble Sulfate Ion Content inSoil
24、T 291 Determining Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content inSoil2.3 Other Methods():EPA Method 1312 Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Proce-dure (SPLP) (1)5EPA Method 1320 Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP) (2)EPA Method Monofill Waste Extraction Procedure (MWEP)(3)Synthetic Ground water Leaching Procedu
25、re (SGLP) (4)Long-Term Leaching Procedure (LTL) (4)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions related to coal combustionproducts, see Terminology E2201. For definitions related togeotechnical properties, see Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 internal erosion
26、piping; the progressive removal ofsoil particles from a mass by percolating water, leading to thedevelopment of channels.3.2.2 permeabilitythe capacity to conduct liquid or gas. Itis measured as the proportionality constant, k, between flowvelocity, v, and hydraulic gradient, i; v = ki.4. Background
27、4.1 Significance and UseCCPs can be effective materialsfor use for reclamation of surface mines. Following are keyscenarios in which CCPs may be utilized beneficially in amined setting:Structural fillRoad constructionSoil modification or amendment for revegetation (5-9)Isolation of acid forming mate
28、rials (5)Reduction of acid mine drainage (AMD) (5,10-15)Highwall mining (16,17)4.1.1 These options represent most, but not all, scenariosunder which CCPs would be returned to the mine. This guidediscusses issues related to highwall mining and recontouring.Because of the chemical and physical charact
29、eristics of CCPsand the benefits derived from the use of CCPs in theseapplications, placement of CCPs in a surface mine settingqualifies as a beneficial use as defined in Terminology E2201.4.1.2 CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous fillapplications. Structural fills and other high-volume fill
30、s aresignificant opportunities for placement of CCPs in minesituations for reclamation, recontouring, and stabilizing slopes.These applications are the focus of this guide.4.1.3 Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in minereclamation, even fly ash with high carbon content. Project-specific testi
31、ng is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selectedfor use on a given project will meet the project objectives. Theuse of CCPs can be cost effective because they are available inbulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufactureand purchase of borrow material, Portland cement, or quick-lime. L
32、arge-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserveslandfill space by recycling a valuable product, provided that theCCP is environmentally and technically suitable for the desireduse.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW,
33、 Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.E2243 1324.2 Use of CCPs for Mine ReclamationE2201 the Stan-dard on Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material, andFBC ash or combinations th
34、ereof can be used for minereclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits generalphysical and chemical properties that must be considered in thedesign of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specificproperties of these materials vary from source to source, soenvironmental and engineeri
35、ng performance testing is recom-mended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in minereclamation projects. Guidance in evaluating the physical,engineering, and chemical properties of CCPs is given inSections 6 and 7.4.3 Engineering Properties and BehaviorDepending onthe mine reclamation appl
36、ication, fly ash, bottom ash, boilerslag, FGD material, FBC fly ash, FBC bottom ash, or combi-nations thereof may have suitable and/or advantageous prop-erties. Each of these materials typically exhibits generalengineering properties that must be considered in engineeringapplications. These general
37、engineering properties are dis-cussed in the following subsections; however, it should benoted that the specific engineering properties of these materialscan vary greatly from source to source and must be evaluatedfor each material, or combination of materials, to be utilized fora structural fill.4.
38、3.1 Unit WeightMany CCPs have relatively low unitweights. This is sometimes referred to as “bulk density” in theliterature. The low unit weight of these materials can beadvantageous for some structural fill applications. The lighter-weight material will reduce the load on weak layers or zones ofsoft
39、 foundation soils such as poorly consolidated or landslide-prone soils.Additionally, the low unit weight of these materialsmay reduce transportation costs, since less tonnage of materialis hauled to fill a given volume. Lower density fills of equalinternal angle of friction will exert less lateral p
40、ressure onretaining structures.4.3.1.1 Fly ash is typically lighter than the fill soil itreplaces, with unit weight ranging from about 50 to 100 pcf (8to 16 kN/m3).4.3.1.2 Bottom ash is also typically less dense than coarse-grained soils of similar gradation, with unit weight rangingfrom about 70 to
41、 90 pcf (11 to 14 kN/m3).4.3.1.3 Boiler slag is typically as heavy as, if not heavierthan, natural soils of similar gradation, with unit weightranging from about 90 to 110 pcf (14 to 18 kN/m3).4.3.1.4 Oxidized and/or fixated FGD materials are alsorelatively lightweight, with unit weights ranging fro
42、m about 50to 100 pcf (8 to 16 kN/m3).4.3.2 Compaction CharacteristicsMost CCPs can beplaced and compacted in a manner very similar to soil andaggregate fill materials. In fact, most CCPs exhibit very littlecohesion and are not as sensitive to variations in moisturecontent as are natural soils.4.3.2.
43、1 Fly ash, FGD material, and FBC ash are typicallyplaced and compacted in a manner similar to noncohesivefine-grained soils. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers or pneumatictired rollers typically compact these materials most effectively.Although not always, fly ash and FGD material typicallyexhibit a mea
44、surable moisture-density relationship that can beutilized for compaction quality control. To take full advantageof the self-hardening properties of some fly ash, FGD material,and FBC ash, compaction soon after the addition of water isrecommended. If hardening or cementation has occurred priorto comp
45、action, cementitious bonds may need to be disrupted torelocate the grains into a more dense state (18). Strength andpermeability will not be the same for self-hardening materialscompacted before cementation has occurred as for thosecompacted after cementation has occurred. Compaction criteriaare usu
46、ally not specified for FGD material that exhibitsthixotropic properties.4.3.2.2 Bottom ash is generally placed and compacted in amanner similar to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fineaggregate. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are mosteffective for the compaction of these materials. Botto
47、m ashmay or may not exhibit consistent moisture-density relation-ships. Bottom ash typically compacts best when saturated.Bottom ash should be compacted to a specified density.4.3.2.3 Boiler slag is generally placed and compacted in amanner similar to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fineaggregat
48、e. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are mosteffective for the compaction of these materials. As with bottomash, boiler slag may or may not exhibit consistent moisture-density relationships. Boiler slag typically compacts best whensaturated.4.3.3 Strength:4.3.3.1 Shear StrengthFor non-self-har
49、dening fly ash andbottom ash, shear strength is derived primarily from internalfriction. Typical values for angles of internal friction fornon-self-hardening fly ash are higher than those for manynatural soils. These ashes are non-cohesive, and although theash may appear cohesive in a partially saturated state, thiseffect is lost when the material is either completely dried orsaturated.(1) Because of its angular shape, the shear strength ofbottom ash is typically greater than that of fly ash and is similarto the shear strength of natural materials of similar gradation.Ho
