1、Designation: E2841 11Standard Guide forConducting Inspections of Building Facades for UnsafeConditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2841; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to establish procedures andmethodologies for conducting inspections of building facadesincluding those t
3、hat meet inspection criteria for compliancewith Practice E2270. For the purposes outlined in this guide,unsafe conditions are hazards which could result from loss offacade materials.1.2 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive,disruptive or destructive. It is the responsibility of the inv
4、esti-gator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipate and adviseof the destructive nature of some procedures, and to plan forpatching and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included
5、in thisstandard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use.Establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio
6、r to use.Awareness of safety and familiarity with safe procedures areparticularly important for aboveground operations on theexterior of a building and destructive investigative proceduresthat typically are associated with the work described in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
7、2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2270 Practice for Periodic Inspection of Building Facadesfor Unsafe ConditionsE2505 Practice for Industrial Rope Access2.2 SEI/ASCE Standards:3SEI/ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Building andOther StructuresSEI/ASCE 37 Design Loads on Structures During Con
8、-struction3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 facadea wall system including its exterior andinterior components, fenestration, structural components, andcomponents for maintaining the buildin
9、g interior environment(also called building facade).3.2.2 sheds:3.2.2.1 sidewalk sheda shed erected along a sidewalk toprotection pedestrians from overhead construction.3.2.2.2 light-duty sheda sidewalk shed designed to sup-port a live-load of 150 psf and as such not intended for materialor debris s
10、torage.3.2.2.3 heavy-duty sheda sidewalk shed designed to sup-port a live-load of 300 psf and may be used for the storage ofmaterial or debris subject to weight limitations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionalswith a methodology for conducting periodic c
11、ondition assess-ments of building facades, for the purpose of determining ifconditions exist in the subject facades that represent hazards topersons or property. It addresses the performance expectationsand service history of a facade, the various components of afacade, and the interaction between t
12、hese components andadjacent construction to provide a stable and reliable enclosuresystem. This guide was written as a parallel document toPractice E2270. Practice E2270 is written in the imperativeform as a Standard Practice and is designed for adoption byspecifying authorities. This guide is inten
13、ded as a dissemina-tion of explicit knowledge gained from experience of conduct-ing periodic facade inspections. Implicit in this guide are1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 on ExteriorBuildin
14、g Wall Systems.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. DOI: 10.1520/E2841-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
15、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.general facade inspection
16、 techniques that have been tailored forperiodic inspections. These tips and techniques are shared toprovide a comprehensive template from which a facade inspec-tion program can be tailored.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this guide requires knowledgeof basic physics, construction and building exterior wa
17、ll designprinciples and practices.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities describedherein are intended to produce a complete and comprehensiveevaluation program, but all activities may not be applicable ornecessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the respon-sibility of the professional
18、 using this guide to determine theactivities and sequence necessary to perform an appropriatecondition assessment for a specific building properly.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessmentmay indicate that localized conditions in a wall system existwhich are limited to a specific element
19、or portion of a wall. Theevaluation of causes may likewise be limited in scope, and theprocedures recommended herein abridged according to theprofessional judgment of the investigator. A statement stipulat-ing the limits of the investigation should be included in thereport.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectat
20、ions about the overall effec-tiveness of a condition assessment program must be reason-able, and in proportion to a defined scope of work and the effortand resources applied to the task. The scope and effort offacade inspections is defined by the purchaser and provider ofsuch services. The objective
21、 is to be as comprehensive aspossible within a defined scope of work. The methodology inthis guide is intended to address the intrinsic behavior of afacade system. Since every location throughout the buildingfacade is not likely to be included in the evaluation program, itis possible that localized
22、conditions of distress may not beidentified. Conditions that are localized or unique may remain,and require additional evaluation. The potential results andbenefits of the condition assessment program should not beover-represented.4.2 This guide is not intended for use as listed below. Ineach instan
23、ce, more appropriate standards or guides exist.4.2.1 As a design guide, design check, or a guide specifi-cation. Reference to design features of a wall is only for thepurpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in thecondition assessment process.4.2.2 As a construction quality control
24、 procedure, or as apreconstruction qualification procedure.4.2.3 As a diagnostic protocol for evaluating buildings forwater leakage or other performance related problems.4.2.4 As a sole evaluation of faade damage arising fromnatural or manmade event/disasters.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. O
25、verview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is a systematicapproach to evaluating the condition of exterior wall systemsand is intended to be applicable to any wall system or material.The basic principles are not intended to be material orcomponent specific. Appendices to this document addres
26、smaterial and system specific considerations. The sequence ofactivities is intended to lead to an accumulation of informationin an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhancesand supplements the information gathered in the precedingstep.5.2 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequence
27、ofactivities, discussed in individual sections below, are:5.2.1 Review of available documents,5.2.2 Evaluation of design concept,5.2.3 Evaluation of known service history,5.2.4 Inspection, and5.2.5 Analysis of findings.5.3 Analysis and InterpretationThe information system-atically gathered during a
28、condition assessment is analyzed asit is acquired. The sequential activities described in this guidedo not imply that analysis and interpretation of the informationoccurs only at the completion of all activities or at anyspecified time(s).6. Review of Available Documents6.1 Review available document
29、s which may include origi-nal construction drawings, specifications, shop drawings, fieldreports, test reports, reference codes/standards, and previousfacade assessment reports. Documents representing local tradepractices as published by local trade groups may also exist.6.2 Design, Bidding, and Con
30、tract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings,specifications, and may also include calculations, wind tunnelreports, correspondence, meeting minutes, addenda, substitu-tion proposals, product literature, test reports, etc. They containthe information necessary to under
31、stand the performancecriteria, the design intent, the required materials, and relation-ships among wall components according to the original design.6.2.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented over thecourse of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date, with a cr
32、oss reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and issu-ances of the documents, and understanding the differencesbetween them and the reason for the differences, is part of acomprehensive evaluation.6.2.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and thehighest revision number
33、 establish the final design requirementsfor the project. Ideally, a set of documents marked 9as-built9 or9record set9 intended to show the actual construction will beavailable.6.3 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to regulatory codes and industrystandards. Sta
34、ndards and referenced codes often contain de-fault or minimum criteria that might have been relied upon toestablish the performance criteria for the facade. Conflictingrequirements between referenced standards and codes, andthose explicitly stated in the project documents, should not beassumed to be
35、 a cause of distress within a facade withoutfurther investigation.6.3.1 Regulatory codes and industry standards change overtime. The version of regulatory codes and industry standardsexamined as part of the review of project documents should bethose listed with dates in the project documents, or if
36、not listedwith dates, those in effect when the building permit was issued.E2841 112Understanding the history and background of referenced codesand standards is part of a comprehensive evaluation.6.4 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generally gener-ated after the award of contracts, and are submitt
37、ed to thedesign professional for review and inclusion in the projectrecord. The submittals usually apply to a specific material,component, assembly or installation method, and the informa-tion contained will augment the background review. There areoften a number of revisions to submittals prior to f
38、inalapproval. The standard for the project is set by the submittalsapproved by the design professional. Submittals include someor all of the following: shop drawings, test reports, productliterature, manufacturers recommendations, installation andmaintenance guidelines, warranties, etc.6.4.1 Test re
39、ports provided by manufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by an independent agency. Review the test dates andthe description of what was tested to determine if and how theinformation actually applies to the project.6.4.2 Manufacturers and suppli
40、ers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-stances under which a component may not function properly.Project conditions should be evaluated to determine if anappropriate product selection was made.6.4.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendatio
41、ns and guidelines.6.5 Pre-Qualification: Laboratory Mock-Up and OnsiteMock-Up ReportsCompliance with project requirementsmay have been demonstrated by a lab mock-up test. Mock-upsof complex facades rarely pass all tests on the first attempt. Themock-up report should contain a clear and complete desc
42、rip-tion of changes made to pass the test. Project documents shouldincorporate these changes, and they should be reflected in theactual construction. Failure to incorporate changes should beconsidered as a potential causes of distress.6.6 Additional Construction, Field Inspections, and FieldTesting
43、DocumentsAdditional construction documentswhich record changes, decisions and activities during theconstruction phase may include bulletins, requests for infor-mation (RFI), clarifications, change orders, directives, progressphotos, field inspection reports, testing documentation andquality assuranc
44、e reports, test reports, meeting minutes, andcorrespondence. The information in these documents mayaugment, modify, or supersede the design documents.6.7 Previous Facade Assessment ReportsSome buildingsmay have been previously inspected in which case such reportsshould be reviewed.6.8 Local Workmans
45、hip PracticesKnowledge of local andhistorical practices will permit a more thorough assessment ofthe project design and construction. The actual constructionmay be influenced in an undocumented manner by localpractices.6.9 Missing Documents/Verification of ExistingDocumentsEvery reasonable effort sh
46、ould be made to verifyexisting as-built conditions regardless of the quantity or qualityof existing documents.6.10 Understanding the Information Gathered:6.10.1 Reviewing the project documents should lead to afundamental understanding of the constructed facades. Knowl-edge gained from reviewing the
47、available documents should beutilized during subsequent tasks.6.10.2 Where possible, utilize existing building elevationdrawings or elevation/detail photographs to document relatedinformation for subsequent tasks.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Performance CriteriaReview of the available docu-men
48、ts should reveal what performance requirements werespecified for the wall and how the wall as an assembly and itsindividual components are structured. Alternatively, the re-quirements may have been implied through references toindustry standards or local codes.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe facade des
49、ign should beconsistent with the performance criteria so that the desiredperformance can be achieved. The design should includeproperly selected components. The details should provide forthe interfacing and integration of components so that each onecan perform both individually and collectively as a system. Thedetails should also address issues such as construction toler-ances, material compatibilities, volume changes, and differen-tial movement of the frame and the facade.Acareful evaluationof the efficacy of the design relative to the performance criteriaw
