1、Designation: E2852 13Standard Guide forAcquisition, Maintenance, Storage, and Use of HazardousMaterial Detection Instrumentation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2852; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIn todays environment there exists a serious, potential threat to the public and the safety personnel
3、that protect them. This threat comes from chemicals, gases, biological agents, radiation, and explosivematerials. In order for Safety officials to mitigate this threat, instrumentation designed to detect andmeasure their potential to inflict harm must be acquired, maintained, and used in a pre-defin
4、ed manner.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides techniques that can be used toensure the proper operation and use of Hazardous Materialdetection equipment. This document cannot replace educationor experience and should be used in conjunction with profes-sional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may b
5、e appli-cable in all circumstances.1.2 This guide is not intended to represent or replace anyaccreditation or certification documents by which the adequacyof a given professional service must be judged.1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its
6、use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 When using HAZMAT equipment follow the manufac-turers guidance and appropriate safety practices for the ex-pected or su
7、spected threat.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
8、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2411 Specification for Chemical Warfare Vapor Detector(CWVD)E2458 Practices for Bulk Sample Collection and SwabSample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of BeingBiothreat Agents from Nonporous SurfacesE2770 Guide for Operational Guidelines for Initial
9、 Responseto a Suspected Biothreat Agent2.2 Other Documents:NIJ Guide 100-99 Guide for the Selection of CommercialExplosives Detection Systems for Law EnforcementApplications, Sept. 1999Guide 100-06 Guide for the Selection of Chemical DetectionEquipment for Emergency First Responders, 3rd Edition,Jan
10、uary 2007, Dept. of Homeland SecurityCalibration, Philosophy in Practice, Second Edition, FlukeCorp.A Directory of Standards Laboratories, NCSL annual publi-cationNCSL RP-7 Recommended Practices, Laboratory DesignGuide 101-06 Guide for the Selection of Biological AgentDetection Equipment for Emergen
11、cy First Responders,2nd Edition, March 2007DHS Guide 101-04 The Guide for the Selection of Biologi-cal Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency FirstResponders, Volume I, March 20051This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direct responsib
12、ility of Subcommittee E54.01 onCBRNE Sensors and Detectors.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2013. Published February 2013. DOI:10.1520/E2853-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
13、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1DHS Guide 101-04 The Guide for the Selection of Biologi-cal Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency Fi
14、rstResponders, Volume II, March 2005NIJ Guide 101-00 An Introduction to Biological AgentDetection Equipment for Emergency First Responders,December 2001ANSI N42.42-2006 American National Standard Data For-mat Standard for Radiation Detectors Used for HomelandSecurityNFPA 472 Standard for Competence
15、of Responders of Haz-ardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction IncidentsMIL Standard 810 Department of Defense Test MethodStandard for Environmental Engineering Considerationsand Laboratory TestsUL-913 Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Appa-ratus for Use in Class I, II, and III, Divisio
16、n 1, Hazardous(Classified) Locations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions are from NFPA Glossary of Terms, whenpossible.3.1.2 calibrateto correlate the reading of an instrument orsystem of measurement with a standard (NFPA).3.1.3 counts per minute (cpm)the number of radiologicaltransformat
17、ions detected by a radiation instrument in oneminute.3.1.4 detectto discover or determine the existence of amaterial or item of interest.3.1.5 dose ratethe radiation dose delivered per unit oftime. Measured for example, in “rem per hour.”3.1.6 dosimetera portable device used to measure andrecord the
18、 total accumulated exposure to ionizing radiation byan individual.3.1.7 fluxa term referring to the amount of some type ofradiation crossing a certain area per unit time.3.1.8 functional teststests performed to verify the abilityof an element or component of an element to continue to beused for its
19、intended purpose. (NFPA modified).3.1.9 jigdevice used to position a test source and/or theinstrument such that calibration or functional checks arerepeatable.3.1.10 quality controla system of actions that keep thequality of goods or services at the level expected by their users.3.1.11 radionuclide
20、(nuclide)radioactive form of an ele-ment.3.1.12 survey instrumenta handheld device used to mea-sure the amount and locate hazardous material, hazardousmaterial contamination, and hazardous conditions.3.1.13 traceablein reference to a calibration standard, theproperties of which can be related back t
21、o a national standard.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 BAbiological agent3.2.2 CADchemical agent detector3.2.3 CWAschemical warfare agents3.2.4 FEMAFederal Emergency Management Agency3.2.5 HAZMAThazardous materials3.2.6 HSEEPHomeland Security Exercise and EvaluationProgram3.2.7 LELlow explosive level3.2.8 NIOSHNa
22、tional Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health3.2.9 ppmparts per million3.2.10 TICstoxic industrial chemicals3.2.11 TIMstoxic industrial materials3.2.12 TLVthreshold limit value3.2.13 TWAtime waited average (refers to a time weightedaverage concentration for a normal 8 hour day in a 40 hourwork
23、week in which MOST workers can be exposed REPEAT-EDLY without adverse effect)4. Summary of Guide4.1 Acquisition:4.1.1 A review of applicable equipment should be per-formed to determine which device will be best suited for theidentified application and to meet the needs of the organizationthat will u
24、se the equipment. The review should take intoconsideration potential hazards and the importance of detectingthem both as a precautionary measure and once they arediscovered. Different equipment may be used before and aftera hazard is discovered. For example, a personal radiationdetector may be routi
25、nely carried to detect the presence ofradioactive material. Once radioactive material is detected,other equipment may be used to further analyze the material.4.1.2 Prior to purchase, a review of testing should beconducted with highest consideration given to those devicesthat have had independent tes
26、ting done. If possible other usersshould be contacted to obtain additional information as toperformance, reliability, and ease of maintenance. Appropriatespare parts and reference/calibration sources should be pur-chased with the chosen instrument.4.2 Training:4.2.1 Prior to field use, formal traini
27、ng for the designatedusers should be conducted. This training should be developedbased on manufacturers information and the user organizationprotocol. Retraining/continuing training should be performedperiodically (refer to NFPA 472).4.3 Equipment Storage:4.3.1 Equipment are typically susceptible to
28、 extremes of hotand cold temperatures, humidity, moisture, vibration, and/orshock. All of these factors must be taken into consideration tomitigate their effect on the equipment while in storage.4.4 Maintenance/Calibration:4.4.1 Repair and calibration requires highly qualified per-sonnel in order to
29、 assure that the equipment will functioncorrectly and provide accurate and reliable information to theuser.Afacility can be set up with the appropriate personnel andtest equipment, or the task can be outsourced to a competentfacility.4.5 Equipment Use:E2852 1324.5.1 Use of the equipment requires kno
30、wledge of thefunction, experience in its use, and acute observation of itsresponse during use. No matter how well trained, experienced,and knowledgeable an individual is, selection of the appropri-ate equipment for the known or suspected hazard is paramount.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide prov
31、ides information that could be used to:5.1.1 Establish a hazardous material instrument program;5.1.2 Help ensure that consistently reliable instruments areavailable for the detection of hazardous materials; and5.1.3 Provide the safety professional with the means toevaluate the risk and facilitate th
32、e mitigation of the threat fromhazardous materials.5.2 This guide provides information to help perform thefollowing:5.2.1 Select detection equipment.5.2.2 Maintain the equipment in a manner that supports itsimmediate use when required.5.2.3 Store equipment using proper methods and conditionsbetween
33、uses.5.2.4 Calibrate equipment in accordance with manufactur-ers recommendations and regulatory requirements:5.2.4.1 At appropriate intervals;5.2.4.2 Using appropriate standards; and5.2.4.3 While maintaining proper documentation of calibra-tion and repair.5.2.5 Use and verify equipment performance:5
34、.2.5.1 As recommended by the manufacturer for its in-tended application;5.2.5.2 By performing functional checks; and5.2.5.3 By knowing any limitations of use.5.3 This guide also provides information regarding the typesof materials to be included in training programs for the use andmaintenance of the
35、 equipment.6. Reagents/Test Materials6.1 Based on intended use and the type of device in anyfunctional group, calibration standards will be required as wellas response sources. These are typically gasses, liquids, and/orsolids.6.2 As appropriate, test materials should be in a sealedcontainer to prev
36、ent unwanted loss of the material. Meansshould be provided to permit their intended use in the calibra-tion and response check process without unwanted loss ofmaterial and unnecessary exposure of the operator to thesources. Simulants should be used for testing response to toxicsubstances.6.3 Typical
37、 calibration and response sources needed shouldinclude the following:6.3.1 Compressed gas of various types including simulantsfor calibration of gas monitors and confined space monitors.6.3.2 Sealed radionuclide sources for calibration and re-sponse checking radiation detection instruments.6.3.3 Par
38、ticulate concentrations/dusts, as appropriate.7. Procedure7.1 Hazardous Materials Equipment Acquisition:7.1.1 When determining which HAZMAT equipment anorganization will require to achieve its mission, an analysis ofthe organizations operational environment should be per-formed. The following factor
39、s should be considered (but notlimited to):7.1.1.1 Hazardous Materials that need to be identifiedranked in order of seriousness of hazard to your organization.7.1.1.2 Environmental factorsis your operational areamostly hot, cold, dry, humid, dusty, or rainy. These factors mayhelp eliminate some choi
40、ces based on any performance testingthe instrument has been subjected to and availablemanufacturer-stated limitations.7.1.1.3 Locationcity, suburbs, or rural. Personnel wouldnot want to be carrying 15 to 20 pounds of monitoringequipment in addition to their regular gear up a stairwell in ahigh-rise
41、building.7.1.1.4 Industryin your area of responsibility, chemical,manufacturing, and processing. These will have to be investi-gated to determine the potential hazards of each facility.7.1.1.5 Should one multipurpose instrument or several spe-cific purpose instruments be acquired? Several single pur
42、poseinstruments may be adequate when there is a minimal hazard inthe organizations location. Where the possibility exists thatmultiple hazards may present themselves at one time a multi-purpose instrument may be more applicable. All configura-tions must be verified.7.1.2 In addition to the factors l
43、isted in section 7.1.1,budgetary limitations may contribute to determining the typeand quantity of equipment selected.7.1.2.1 Is the cost of the equipment acceptable to theorganization? An instrument that is slightly higher in cost mayprovide much better service then a less costly instrument.7.1.2.2
44、 Most equipment manufacturers have maintenancekits available that will typically include consumables andfrequently needed parts.7.1.2.3 Include in the budget the cost of initial training onthe use of the equipment, and initial maintenance supplies forthe instrument.7.1.2.4 Research and project maint
45、enance costs for theinstrument in the future. Can the expected future budgetssupport these costs?7.1.3 Once the type of equipment is established, specificmakes and models must be determined based on factors relatedto the organization such as; funding, number of personnel,physical space, and organiza
46、tional structure. A market analysisand review should be performed to identify a specific instru-ment within each category of instrument needed. This shouldbe based on factors such as reliability, durability, maintenancerequirements, and usability.7.1.3.1 As to the equipments primary function; will i
47、tdetect the suspected potential hazard?7.1.3.2 Safety of operation; ensure that use of the instrumentdoes not interfere with the safety of personnel when used in thefield. Does the use or calibration of the instrument in and ofitself present a safety concern? Are instruments that will bebrought into
48、 a flammable environment intrinsically safe?E2852 1337.1.3.3 If possible obtain a device of the exact type beingconsidered for purchase. Evaluate this device in the field to seeif it meets the manufacturers specifications and the organiza-tions analyzed criteria (refer to Appendix X1, “SuggestedCrit
49、eria for Field Testing Instruments”).7.1.3.4 Identify and consult with other owners/users of theinstrument being considered to determine how they view theinstrument. Discuss its strong points and weak points.7.2 Training Basics:7.2.1 This section only provides general guidance. Refer tofederal training programs implemented by FEMA and HSEEPat the state and local levels for requirements and more specificguidance.7.2.2 Obtain initial vendor training when available. Mostmanufacturers offer training in the use of their equipment.7.2.2.1 The format may
