1、Designation: E3006 15Standard Practice forUltraviolet Conditioning of Photovoltaic Modules or Mini-Modules Using a Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) LampApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test condi-tions for perfor
3、ming ultraviolet conditioning exposures onphotovoltaic modules or mini-modules using fluorescent ultra-violet lamps in accordance with Practices G151 and G154.This practice covers test conditions that meet the requirementsfor UV preconditioning in initial qualification tests of photo-voltaic modules
4、 or mini-modules as published in InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
5、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionG113 Terminolog
6、y Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG130 Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a SpectroradiometerG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG15
7、4 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV)Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG177 Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distri-butions: Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface2.2 IEC Standards:3IEC 61215 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV)modules design
8、 qualification and type approval, SecondEditionIIEC 61345 UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules, FirstEditionIEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules Design qualification and type approval, Edition 2.02.3 ISO Standards:ISO 4892-3 Plastics Method of exposure to laboratorylight source
9、sPart 3: Fluorescent UV lamps3. Terminology3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 and Termi-nology E772 are applicable to this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Specimens are exposed to fluorescent ultraviolet lampsof types UVA-340 and UVB-313 as needed to achieve specificdosages of ultravio
10、let radiation as required by IEC qualificationstandards for photovoltaic modules and materials or by agree-ment between contractual parties.5. Significance and Use5.1 Photovoltaic modules and components must be resistantto prolonged exposure to solar radiation, moisture and heat.Degradation of polym
11、eric components, delamination at theencapsulant and other interfaces, and moisture ingress areamong the degradation modes known to decrease the output ofphotovoltaic modules. IEC qualification standards for PVmodules include tests intended to uncover whether solarultraviolet radiation induced degrad
12、ation may cause early-lifefailures. This practice provides general and specific guidanceon performing tests that meet the requirements of the ultravio-let radiation conditioning exposures in the IEC qualification1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and O
13、therAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published April 2014. DOI: 10.1520/E3006-152For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
14、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue deVaremb, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.Copyri
15、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1standards.4Other protocols exist that may also conform to theIEC test requirements.5.2 In the qualification test sequence, this UV precondition-ing exposure is conducted prior to the thermal c
16、ycling andhumidity freeze tests. These tests were included to replicate adelamination failure observed in modules.55.3 IEC exposure methods should not be considered as longterm weathering tests. Exposure to moisture in the form ofcondensation or water spray is not a requirement of the UVexposure tes
17、ts in IEC PV module qualification standards.Inclusion of moisture is typically a consideration in weatheringtests.5.4 Variation in test results may be expected when operatingconditions are varied within the acceptable limits of thisstandard. In particular, reciprocity of degradation among vary-ing i
18、rradiance levels should not be assumed. Consequently, noreference to this practice should be made without an accom-panying report prepared in accordance with Section 9 thatdescribes the specific operating conditions used.5.5 Correlation between this practice and long term perfor-mance of PV modules
19、in real-world installations has not beendetermined.Although experience has shown these methods areeffective in screening for unstable materials and systems, it isunknown at this time if degradation due to prolonged solarultraviolet exposure can be replicated by extending the timeand energy dosage of
20、 the exposures described in this practice.The most effective use of this practice is as a comparative toolfor evaluating materials and systems. Consequently, the use ofcontrols or reference materials of known performance isrecommended; refer to Practice G151, Section 6.2.4.6. Apparatus6.1 Practice G
21、154 and ISO 4892-3 describe essential fea-tures of the apparatus and equipment required for this practice.6.2 Laboratory Light SourceThe light source shall befluorescent UV lamps as defined in Practice G154. Differencesin lamp intensity or spectrum may cause significant differencesin test results. A
22、 detailed description of the type(s) of lamp(s)used shall be stated in the test report. The particular qualifica-tion test requirement or application determines which lamptype(s) is used.66.2.1 Actual irradiance levels at the test specimen surfacemay vary due to the type or manufacturer of the lamp
23、used, theage of the lamps, the power supply, the distance to the lamparray, the air temperature within the exposure chamber, reflec-tivity of interior chamber surfaces, and the ambient laboratorytemperature. Consequently, the use of a radiometer to monitorthe irradiance at the specimen plane is requ
24、ired.The radiometershall comply with the requirements of Practice G151. Use of afeedback loop system to control the irradiance during theexposure is recommended.6.2.2 Several factors can affect the spectral power distribu-tion of fluorescent UV lamps, including type and uniformity ofthe phosphor coa
25、ting, changes in transmission due to aging ofthe glass used in some types of lamps, accumulation of dirt orother residue on lamps, and thickness of the lamp glass.6.2.3 Common Lamp TypesTwo types of lamps used in thefluorescent UV lamp devices are defined in Practice G154 forphotodegradation and wea
26、thering tests: UVB-313 and UVA-340, respectively. Lamp manufacturers shall follow Annex A1of Practice G154 to demonstrate conformance to Table 1 andTable 2. If other lamp types are employed, their spectralirradiance must be included in the test report showing enoughresolution to calculate UV exposur
27、e dosages. See Annex A1for further information.6.2.3.1 Spectral Irradiance of UVA-340 LampsThe spec-tral power distribution of UVA-340 fluorescent lamps, whichhave a peak emission at 343 nm, shall comply with the4IEC photovoltaic module standards require a series of simulated solar ultra-violet radi
28、ation exposure tests to evaluate the performance of modules andcomponents under the stresses simulating inherent in the in-service environment.Since few of these tests protocols, nor the equipment required for their execution,are clearly defined, ASTM Subcommittee E44.09, part of Committee E44 on So
29、lar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources has set out on a course of actionto standardize defined test methods confroming to the IEC requirements.5Osterwald, C. R., and McMahon, T. J., “History of Accelerated and Qualifica-tion Testing of Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules: A Literature Revi
30、ew,” Prog.Photovolt: Res. Appl., 2009, 17, pp. 1133.6Mixing of different types of lamps in a single exposure is not recommended, asthis may produce inconsistencies in the radiation falling on the samples, unless theapparatus has been specifically designed to ensure a uniform spectral distribution.Us
31、e of two different lamp types may be desirable or required to meet exposurerequirements of certain methods. In devices not capable of providing uniformirradiance using multiple lamp types, it is recommended to divide the exposureperiod into distinct parts so that specimens are exposed to each lamp t
32、ypeconsecutively rather than concurrently. See Section 7 and Appendix X2 foradditional information.TABLE 1 Relative Ultraviolet Spectral Power DistributionSpecification for Fluorescent UVA-340 LampsSpectral BandpassWavelength in nmMinimumPercentBenchmarkAM1.5 SolarRadiationPercentBenchmarkAM1 SolarR
33、adiationPercentMaximumPercentA 290 0.01290 # # 320 5.9 3.5 5.8 9.3320 # 360 60.9 38.0 40.0 65.5360 # 400 26.5 58.5 54.2 32.8AVisible light output from fluorescent UV lamps typically represents 10-20 % oftotal radiation, but this value is not specified in Practice G154.E3006 152requirements specified
34、 in Table 1. Additional information isprovided in Annex A1.6.2.3.2 Spectral Irradiance of UVB-313 LampsThe spec-tral power distribution of UVB-313 fluorescent lamps, whichhave a peak emission at 313 nm, shall comply with therequirements specified in Table 2. Additional information isprovided in Anne
35、x A1.6.3 Test Chamber and Ultraviolet Radiation UniformityThe design of the test chamber may vary, but it should beconstructed from corrosion resistant material. The fluorescentUV lamp(s) shall be located with respect to the specimens suchthat the uniformity of irradiance at the specimen face compli
36、eswith the requirements in Practice G151.6.4 ThermometerThe chamber shall have means of con-trolling temperature. An uninsulated black panel thermometeris recommended to measure and control test temperatures, butinsulated black panels or white panels may also be used.Thermometers shall conform to th
37、e descriptions found inPractice G151. If the control temperature and the specimentemperature differ, then the relationship between the two shallbe determined and the control temperature set so as to maintainthe required specimen temperature during the exposure test.The correlation between control te
38、mperature and specimentemperature during irradiation can be obtained by placing athermometer/thermocouple on the unirradiated side of thespecimen and measuring the specimen temperature over arange of control temperatures.7. Procedure7.1 Calibration and MaintenanceCalibrate all sensors andmaintain de
39、vices according to manufacturers recommenda-tions. Narrow or broad band radiometers may be calibratedaccording to Test Method G130.7.2 Mounting of Test SpecimensMount test specimensusing non-corrosive holders or module clips specifically de-signed for the module tested in such a manner that they are
40、 notsubject to physical stress. When test specimens do not com-pletely fill the specimen racks or exposure area, fill all emptyspaces with blank panels and seal any holes or gaps inspecimens to maintain the test conditions within the chamber.7.3 Specimen RepositioningUnless specimen size makesreposi
41、tioning impossible, follow the guidelines on reposition-ing in Practice G154.7.4 Measuring and Setting IrradianceThese methods donot require any specific irradiance set point as long as the totalultraviolet irradiance integrated over the range 280-400 nm isless than 250 W/m2, which is approximately
42、equal to five timesstandard test condition (STC) irradiance. However, the UVirradiance must be measured in the same plane as test speci-mens in order to verify compliance with the maximum allowedirradiance and to accurately calculate radiant dosage, and thetest apparatus must be maintained in order
43、to account for theeffects of lamp aging and power fluctuations. Annex A1describes a method of measuring and setting the irradiance andtest duration using a narrow band radiometer calibrated accord-ing to Test Method G130 for use with specific fluorescent UVlamps. Wide band radiometers designed to me
44、asure UVA andUVB energy may also be used.7.4.1 Although not a requirement, systems with feedbackloop irradiance control are preferred. When systems withoutirradiance control are used, the operator must take additionalsteps to measure the irradiance at regular intervals and makeadjustments to lamp po
45、wer or test duration to ensure properradiant dosage has been delivered to specimens.7.4.2 Test DurationThese methods specify exposure du-ration in terms of total radiant energy dosages (kWh/m2) ratherthan time because a wide range of irradiance levels are allowedby the IEC. These radiant energy dosa
46、ges are defined forspecific spectral regions. Exposure durations are determined bythese energy dosages and the spectral irradiance of the lightsource(s) in these regions. Dosages specified in 7.57aredescribed by the equation:DAB5 *ABI 3 t (1)where:DAB= radiant dosage of wavelength band between wave-
47、lengths A and B in kilowatt-hours per square metreI = irradiance in watts per square meterA= wavelength at lower limit of spectral band specifiedB= wavelength at upper limit of spectral band specifiedt = duration of exposure in hours7.4.3 Irradiance in each of the required spectral bands canbe measu
48、red directly or, in cases where the spectral powerdistribution of the fluorescent UV lamps is known to remainstable over time, by mathematically converting measurementstaken at a 1 nm bandpass wavelength (narrow band) or in theentire UV spectral region (wide band). When convertingmeasurements, see A
49、nnex A1 for specific guidance.7.4.4 Test duration may be calculated by dividing therequired dosage in kWh/m2in the defined spectral regions bythe irradiance of that region. Wide band radiometers designedto measure accumulated dosage may also be used.7.4.5 The spectral irradiance of common fluorescent ultra-violet lamps does not simultaneously meet the dosage require-ments of all wavelength bands for some methods. Operatorsmay need to expose specimens under two different types oflamps in consecutive exposures in order to avoid dosages in7The methods
