1、Designation: F 1198 92 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Guide forShipboard Fire Detection Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, mainte-nance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems
3、 otherthan sprinkler systems.1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning,designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboardvessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guideaddresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classi-fication rules. However, the pri
4、nciples stated herein are alsosuitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft,military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required tomeet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.1.3 LimitationsThis guide does not constitute regulationsor ship classification rules, which m
5、ust be consulted whenapplicable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
6、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:2Title 46, Part 76.25Title 46, Part 76.30Title 46, Part 76.33Title 46, Part 161.0022.2 NFPA Pub
7、lications:3NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors2.3 SOLAS Regulations:4SOLAS II-2/13-1SOLAS II-2/123. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accommodation spacethose spaces used for publicspaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms, staterooms,offices, hospitals, cinemas, game and hobby rooms
8、, barbershops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and similarspaces.3.1.2 alarm signalling devicean audible or visual devicesuch as a bell, horn, siren, strobe, flashing, or rotating lightused to warn of a fire condition.3.1.3 annunciatoran audible and visual signalling panelthat indicates a
9、nd displays the alarm, trouble, and powerconditions of the fire detection system.3.1.4 approvedacceptable to the organization, office, orindividual responsible for accepting equipment, an installation,or a procedure.3.1.5 automated machinery spacea space containing ma-chinery that is automated to al
10、low: (a) periodic unattendedoperation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervisionby the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location.3.1.6 control panelan electrical panel that monitors andcontrols all of the equipment associated with the fire detectionand alarm system.3.1.7 control
11、 spacean enclosed space within which islocated a ships radio, main navigating equipment, emergencysource of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire controlequipment, but not including firefighting apparatus that mustbe located in the cargo area or individual pieces of firefightingequipment.
12、3.1.8 hazardous (classified location)locations where fireor explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases orvapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, orignitable fibers or flyings.3.1.9 listingsequipment or materials included in a listpublished by an organization certified to
13、perform product1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 onElectrical.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002
14、as F 1189 - 92(2002).2Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from International Maritime Organization, 4 Alb
15、ert Embankment,London, England SE1 7SR.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.evaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspectionsof production of the listed equipment or materials. The listingstates either that the
16、 equipment or material meets appropriatestandards or has been tested and found suitable for use in aspecified manner.3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category Athose spaces andtrunks to such spaces which contain: (a) internal combustionmachinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal combus-tion machin
17、ery used for purposes other than main propulsionwhere such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total poweroutput of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any oil-firedboiler or oil fuel unit.3.1.11 main vertical zonesthose sections, the mean lengthof which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) o
18、n any onedeck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck houses arerequired to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads.3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm boxa box containingan electrical switch which, when manually operated, sends analarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “ManuallyOpe
19、rated Call Points” by SOLAS).3.1.13 RO/RO cargo space (roll on/roll off cargo spaces)aspace not normally subdivided in any way and extending toeither a substantial length or the entire length of the ship inwhich cargo, including packaged cargo, in or on rail or roadcars, vehicles (including road or
20、rail tankers), trailers, contain-ers, pallets, or demountable tanks (in or on similar stowageunits or other receptacles), can be loaded and unloadednormally in a horizontal direction.3.1.14 self restoringthe ability of a device to reset itselfautomatically after being activated.3.1.15 service spacet
21、hose spaces used for galleys, pan-tries containing cooking appliances, lockers, mail, and specierooms, store rooms, workshops other than those forming partof the machinery spaces, and similar spaces as well as trunks tosuch spaces.3.1.16 special category spacean enclosed space above orbelow the bulk
22、head deck intended for the carriage of motorvehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, intoand from which such vehicles can be driven and to whichpassengers have access.3.1.17 superviseddescribes an electronic method of moni-toring the electrical continuity of the circuits and devic
23、es of afire detection and alarm system. This is normally accomplishedby constantly passing a small current through the circuits anddevices.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is toprovide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fireand to minimize
24、the fire threat to the operation of the ship.Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, itfollows that the fire detection system will have to be customdesigned accordingly. A well-designed system provides areasonable substitute to having crew members on constant firewatch in every
25、protected space where a fire might occur.4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is toautomatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quicklyas is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a firesexistence and location. This system design and applicationguide addresses th
26、e individual steps in the layout of the systemas well as an overview of the information needed to design asystem.4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Conventionfor the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have beenstated as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelinesto assur
27、e complete and effective systems or to incorporate goodindustry practices are stated as recommendations.DESIGN AND APPLICATION5. System Types5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels aretypically of the following types:5.1.1 Electrical automatic fire detection and alarm systemsconsist of
28、a control panel, various types of fire detectors,manually actuated fire alarm boxes, audible and visual alarms,and appropriate power supplies. The control panel monitors thefire detection and alarm circuits and generates appropriatesignals when an automatic fire detector or manual fire alarmbox is a
29、ctivated.5.1.2 A similar system without automatic fire detectors isreferred to as a manual fire alarm system but is otherwiseidentical. Operation is initiated by individuals who activate amanually actuated fire alarm box that incorporates an electricalswitch. This guide is primarily concerned with e
30、lectricallyoperated automatic and manual fire detection and alarm sys-tems.5.1.3 Pneumatic fire detection systems consist of a closedlength of pneumatic tubing attached to a control unit. Airchambers called heat actuated devices (HADs) are oftenattached to the tubing in the protected area to increas
31、e thevolume and thus the sensitivity of the system. As temperaturebuilds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, moving adiaphragm in the control unit. A small calibrated vent compen-sates for normal changes in ambient temperature. The dia-phragm activates a release mechanism or a set of contac
32、ts.Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained(that is, independent of outside sources of power), they areoften used to activate small automatic fire extinguishingsystems such as are installed in paint lockers and emergencygenerator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements forpneuma
33、tic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46,Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30.5.1.4 Sample extraction smoke detection systems consist ofa piping system connected to a control unit with a suctionblower. These systems continually draw samples from theprotected spaces to the control unit
34、where a light source andphotocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sample extractionsmoke detection systems are often used in cargo holds becausethey are less likely than individual spot-type smoke detectors tooperate from dust or localized sources of smoke such as vehicleexhausts. Also, the more delic
35、ate electronics and controlequipment can be located remote from the harsh environmentof a cargo hold. These systems are often combined with acarbon dioxide extinguishing system, using the carbon dioxidedistribution piping to draw samples from the protected areas.Detailed requirements for sample extr
36、action smoke detectionsystems are contained in proposed SOLAS Regulation II-2/F 1198 92 (2007)213-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regulations found in Title 46,Code of Federal Regulations Parts 76.33 and 161.002.5.1.5 Automatic sprinkler systems that are constantly pres-surized and connected to a continuo
37、us supply of water andfitted with a suitable means for automatically giving visual andaudible alarm signals may also be considered to be fire (heat)detection and alarm systems. Detailed requirements are foundin SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast Guard Regula-tions, Part 76.25.6. Classification
38、of Fire Detectors6.1 Heat detectors are devices that sense a fixed temperatureor rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of thethree operating principles outlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that respondswhen its operating element becomes heated to
39、a predeterminedlevel. Because of the time required to heat the mass of elementto its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the“thermal lag,” between the time the surrounding air reaches theoperating temperature and the time the operating elementreaches its preset operating temper
40、ature. There are seventemperature classification ranges. In locations where the ceil-ing temperature does not exceed 100F (38C), detectors withan operating range of 135 to 174F (57.2 to 78.9C) should beused. These are termed “ordinary” temperature classifications.Several types of temperature sensiti
41、ve operating elements areused such as:6.2.1 Bimetallic elements consist of two metal strips withdifferent coefficients of expansion fused together so thatheating will cause the element to deflect, making electricalcontact.6.2.2 Electrical conductivity elements are devices whoseelectrical resistance
42、varies as a function of temperature.6.2.3 Certain automatic heat detectors use fusible alloyelements or liquid expansion elements that operate at a fixedtemperature. These devices are nonrestorable and are prohib-ited by SOLAS.6.3 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that operates when thetemperature
43、 rises at a faster than predetermined rate. Sinceoperation does not depend on having reached a fixed tempera-ture level, it responds to a rapid temperature rise more quicklythan a fixed temperature detector. However, it does not respondto a slow developing fire regardless of how high the tempera-tur
44、e gets. In a typical rate-of-rise detector, heated air in achamber expands to deflect a diaphragm that operates electriccontacts.6.4 A rate of compensation detector is a device which,because of differential expansion of several components, re-sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding thedet
45、ector reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate atwhich the temperature rises. It is designed to avoid the thermallag time that is inherent in a fixed temperature detector. Thisdevice is also known as a rate anticipation detector.6.5 Combination heat detectors take advantage of more than
46、one operating principle in a single detector housing. Combi-nation fixed temperature and rate-of-rise detectors are mostcommon.6.6 Smoke detectors are devices that detect visible orinvisible products of combustion. They work on severaloperating principles as follows:6.6.1 Ionization smoke detectors
47、have a small radioactivesource that ionizes the air within a chamber, making itconductive so that a small current flows between electrodes.Smoke particles entering the chamber interfere with the freeflow of ions and reduce the current, activating the detector.6.6.2 Photoelectric smoke detectors use
48、a light source andphotocell to detect the presence of smoke. Several types maybe used on ships:6.6.2.1 In the light obscuration type of detector, smokeparticles that enter between the light source and the photocellreduce the amount of light reaching the photocell, causing thedetector to activate. Pr
49、ojected linear beam smoke detectors arelight obscuration smoke detectors. The light source and pho-tocell are separately housed, and the light beam is projectedacross the protected area. The alignment between transmitterand receiver is critical for proper operation of this device.Shipboard vibration and flexing may affect proper alignment.6.6.2.2 In a photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector,the components are arranged so that light does not normallyreach the photocell. When smoke particles enter the chamber,they reflect or scatter some of the light onto the
