1、Designation: F 1430 03e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-InsulatedAerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load HandlingAttachments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1430; the number immediately following the de
2、signation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEFigure 6 was corrected editoriall
3、y in November 2005.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acousticemission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) withsupplemental load handling attachments.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method covers thefollowing types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel deviceswith supp
4、lemental load handling attachments:1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs,1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredThis test method does notcover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Insulated aerial personnel devices without supple-mental
5、load handling attachments,1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform,1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities locatedanywhere other than adjacent to the platform.NOTE 1This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDTmethod for the verification of the
6、structural integrity of an aerial device.Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonic
7、s, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant,and visual inspection. (WarningThis test method requiresthat external loads be applied to the superstructure of thevehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken tosafeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failureor instability of the veh
8、icle or components.)1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
9、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled Stimulation2E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensors2E 750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-mentation2E 976 Guide for Determining
10、the Reproducibility ofAcous-tic Emission Sensor Response2E 1067 Practice forAcoustic Emission Testing of FiberglassReinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2F 914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for InsulatedAerial Personnel Devices3F 2174 Prac
11、tice for Verifying Acoustic Emission SensorResponse32.2 Other Standards:ANSI A92.2 Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating andRotating Aerial Devices4ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic
12、 emission (AE)the class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material, orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated.Acoustic emission isthe recommended term for general use. Other terms that have1This test method is
13、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Acoustic Emission.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1998
14、 as F 143098.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.4Available from theAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518
15、, Columbus, OH 43228.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.been used inAE literature include (1) stress wave emission, (2)microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emissionwith other qualifying modifiers.3.1.2 amp
16、litude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signalwaveform from an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.4 art
17、iculating-boom aerial devicean aerial devicewith two or more hinged boom sections.3.1.5 attenuationthe loss of energy per unit distance,typically measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unitdistance from the source of emission.3.1.6 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a prea
18、mplifier output.3.1.7 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin.3.1.8 count also acoustic emission count, nthe number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presett
19、hreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.9 decibel (dB)the logarithmic expression of a ratio oftwo single peak amplitudes. A reference scale expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a single peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB! 5 20 log10A1/A0!where:A0= 1 uV at t
20、he sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB Value Voltage AtSensor OutputVoltage At Integral Preamp Sen-sor Output (40-dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.
21、1.10 insulated aerial personnel device (IAPD)any de-vice (extensible or articulating) which is designed primarily toposition personnel and may be equipped with a supplementalload handling attachment.3.1.11 event (acoustic emission event)a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.12
22、event count (Ne)the number obtained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.13 extensible-boom aerial devicean aerial device, ex-cept the aerial ladder type, with a telescopic or extensibleboom.3.1.14 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurri
23、ng on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.15 insulated aerial devicean aerial device designedw
24、ith dielectric components to meet a specific electrical insu-lation rating.3.1.16 insulatorany part of an aerial device such as, butnot limited to, the upper boom, lower boom or supportingstructure, made of a material having a high dielectric strength,usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.17 noiseany un
25、desired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.18 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans of devices and their components without alteration ofthe original components, so that they may function as before.3.1.19 non-overcenterthe
26、 feature of an aerial device issuch that the upper boom cannot travel past vertical orientationwith respect to the ground.3.1.20 overcenterthe feature of an aerial device is suchthat the upper boom travels past vertical orientation withrespect to the ground.3.1.21 qualified personnelpersonnel who, b
27、y possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.22 rated boom capacity (RBC)the maximum allow-able capacity
28、 of the boom which is calculated by combining theplatform capcity and the capacity of the supplemental loadhandling attachment at zero degrees and fully retracted.3.1.23 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.24 supplemental loada load whi
29、ch may be affixed to asupplemental load-handling attachment on an insulated aerialpersonnel device.3.1.25 supplemental load attachment capacity (SLAC)themaximum allowable load, as stated by the aerial devicemanufacturer, which may be affixed to the supplementalload-handling attachment at specified p
30、ositions of the attach-ments.3.1.26 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Terminology E 1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (see Fig.1 and Fig. 2):3.2.1 elbowthe structure connecting the upper boom tothe lower boom, about which one boom articulates relative
31、 tothe other.3.2.2 elbow pinthe horizontal pin about which the upperboom rotates relative to the lower boom.3.2.3 lift cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that lifts thelower boom and the extensible boom(s).3.2.4 lower boomthe structural member, attached to aturntable or base, that supports the upper boo
32、m.3.2.5 lower-boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that ar-ticulates the lower boom.3.2.6 lower-boom insulatorthe part of the lower boommade of high-dielectric strength material (usually fiberglassreinforced plastic or equivalent).3.2.7 lower-boom pinthe horizontal pin about which thelower boom is ra
33、ised and lowered relative to the turntable.F 1430 03e123.2.8 outriggersthe structural members that, when prop-erly extended or deployed on firm ground, assist in stabilizingthe vehicle on which the aerial device is mounted.3.2.9 pedestalthe stationary base of the aerial device thatsupports the turnt
34、able.3.2.10 platformthe personnel-carrying component of anaerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.3.2.11 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which theplatform rotates relative to the upper boom.3.2.12 rated platform capacity (RPC)the maximum loadas stated by the manufacturer f
35、or which an aerial device isdesigned to operate, consisting of the combined weight of thepersonnel and all items carried on or in the platform.3.2.13 stabilizersa means to assist in stabilizing the ve-hicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts.3.2.14 supplemental load-handling atta
36、chment (SLHA)adevice(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designedto lift and or position materials.3.2.15 supplemental load-handling attachment bracketthe apparatus which affixes the supplemental load handlingattachment to the IAPD.3.2.16 turntablethe rotating base of the aerial device th
37、atsupports the boom(s).3.2.17 upper boomthe structural member, attached to thelower boom, that supports the platform.3.2.18 upper-boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder thatarticulates the upper boom.3.2.19 upper-boom drive mechanismmeans, such as link-age, cables, sheaves, and gears, used to produce u
38、pper-boomarticulation.3.2.20 upper-boom tipthe end of the upper boom to whichthe platform is attached.3.3 Abbreviations:Abbreviations:3.3.1 AEAcoustic Emission3.3.2 APDAerial Personnel Device(s)3.3.3 FRPFiberglass Reinforced Plastic3.3.4 NDTNondestructive Testing3.3.5 RBCRated Boom Capacity3.3.6 RPC
39、Rated Platform Capacity3.3.7 SLHASupplemental Load Handling Attachment3.3.8 SLACSupplemental Load Attachment Capacity4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to an APD while it is being monitored by sensors that aresensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) ca
40、used by active defects.1. Upper Controls 8. Elbow 15. Pedestal2. Platform 9. Elbow Pin 16. Lower Controls3. Platform Pin 10. Lower Boom 17. Outriggers4. Upper Boom Tip 11. Lower Boom Insulator 18. Outrigger Controls5. Upper Boom 12. Lower Boom Cylinder 19. Stabilizers6. Upper Boom Cylinder 13. Lower
41、 Boom Pin 20. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm7. Upper Boom Drive Mechanism 14. Turntable 21. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment BracketFIG. 1 Articulating-Boom APD Nomenclature DiagramF 1430 03e13These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but are notlimited to, the following: crack n
42、ucleation movement orpropagation in the metal components; or matrix crazing,delamination or fiber breakage of the fiberglass reinforcedplastic (FRP) material; or both.4.2 The APD is loaded at a uniform rate until a predeter-mined load is reached, which is held for a period of time. Theload is remove
43、d and the cycle is repeated. Acoustic emissionsare monitored during both cycles and the data is evaluated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acous-tic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy fromlocalized sources within anAPD under controlled loadin
44、g. Theresultant energy releases occur during intentional applicationof a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases canbe monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test
45、method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may bediscontinued at any time to investigate a particular area ofconcern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acousticemissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both,a
46、ffecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerialdevice.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this testmethod shall be evaluated by either more refined acousticemission test methods or other nondestructive techniques(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic1.
47、Upper Controls 10. Lift Cylinder2. Platform 11. Turntable3. Platform Pin 12. Pedestal4. Upper Boom Tip 13. Lower Controls5. Upper Boom 14. Outriggers6. Intermediate Boom 15. Outrigger Controls7. Lower Boom 16. Stabilizers8. Extension Cylinder 17. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm9. Lower Boo
48、m Pin 18. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment BracketFIG. 2 Extensible-Boom APD Nomenclature DiagramF 1430 03e14particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required tolocate defects present in APDs.5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this testmethod should be repaired and reteste
49、d as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified per-sonnel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten program, consistent with the established format ofASNT SNT-TC-1A for training, qualification, and certificationof personnel for conducting AE testing.NOTE 2Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic pa
