1、Designation: F 1686 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forSurveys to Document and Assess Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers field procedures by which data maybe collected in a systematic manner to document and asse
3、ss theoiling conditions on shorelines.1.2 This guide does not address the terminology that is usedto define and describe shoreline oiling conditions, the ecologi-cal character of oiled shorelines, or the cultural or otherresources that may be present.1.3 The guide is applicable to marine coasts (inc
4、ludingestuaries) and may also be used in freshwater environments(rivers and lakes).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
5、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices for Describingthe Oilin
6、g Conditions of ShorelinesF 1779 Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil onWater3. Significance and Use3.1 Systematic surveys provide data on shoreline conditionsfrom which informed planning and operational decisions maybe developed with respect to shoreline cleanup.3.2 Surveys may include
7、 one or more of three components,listed below. The scale of the affected area and the availabilityof pre-spill information will influence the selection of surveycomponents and the level of detail (1).33.3 The aerial reconnaissance survey provides a perspectiveon the overall extent and general nature
8、 of the shoreline oilingconditions. This information is used in conjunction withenvironmental, resource, and cultural sensitivity data to evalu-ate which areas require a response and the priorities of theresponse operations.3.4 The aerial videotape survey(s) provide systematic audioand video documen
9、tation of the extent and type of shorelineoiling conditions, physical shoreline character, and potentialaccess restrictions (2).3.5 The ground assessment survey(s) provide the necessaryinformation and data to develop appropriate shoreline responserecommendations. A field team(s) collects detailed in
10、formationon shoreline oil conditions, the physical and ecological char-acter of oiled shorelines, and resources or cultural features thatmay affect or be affected by the timing or implementation ofresponse activities (2).3.6 In order to ensure data consistency it is important to usestandardized term
11、inology and definitions in describing oilingconditions, as provided in Guide F 1687.4. General Considerations4.1 The specific survey procedures and the magnitude of thedata sets collected will vary with the scale of the spill (thelength and distribution of oiled shoreline and quantity of oil),the na
12、ture or complexity of the shoreline, and the needs of theresponse organization (3).44.2 Following a spill in which only a few kilometers ofcoast have been oiled, one ground survey team may be able toaccomplish all of the goals in an appropriate time frame.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermasters.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1997. Published April 1997. Originallypublished as F 1686 96. Last previous edition F 1686 96.2For referenced ASTM standa
14、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis s
15、tandard.4Owens, E. H., and Sergy, G. A., Field Guide to the Documentation andDescription of Oiled Shorelines, ISBN 0-662-22048-X, Environment Canada,Edmonton, Alta., 1994.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 As the sca
16、le of the affected area increases, it may benecessary to conduct an aerial videotape survey that is fol-lowed by a ground assessment using one or more teams.4.4 Following spills that affect long sections of coast (forexample, more than 100 km), the sequence of an initial aerialreconnaissance, an aer
17、ial videotape survey and ground assess-ment surveys may be necessary to satisfy planning andoperational requirements in a timely manner (2).4.5 Each of the three stages requires a separate surveydesign, the assignment of duties to personnel, logistics plan-ning, and the establishment of survey and d
18、ocumentationprocedures.4.6 All surveys are conducted during the lowest one-quarterto one-third of the tidal cycle to ensure maximum (viewing)exposure of the intertidal zone (1).5. Segmentation5.1 The coast is divided into working units called segments,within which the shoreline character is relative
19、ly homogeneousin terms of physical features and sediment type.5.2 Each segment is assigned a unique location identifier(for example, an alpha-numeric code).5.3 Segment boundaries can be either prominent geologicalfeatures (headlands, streams, etc.), changes in shore/substratetypes, or, more importan
20、tly, alongshore changes in oil condi-tions.5.4 Segment lengths are short enough to obtain adequateresolution and detail on the distribution of the oil for planningand operational decisions. Most segments of oiled shorelineswould be in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 km.5.5 If segments already exist as part
21、of a pre-spill planningexercise or sensitivity mapping database, segment boundariesmay need to be adapted, segments subdivided, or the segmentcodes revised, or some combination thereof, to reflect theoiling conditions created by a spill.6. Aerial Reconnaissance Survey(s)6.1 An initial aerial survey(
22、s) is conducted along coastlineswithin the spill path. The objective is to determine whichshorelines have been oiled, in order to provide an overallperspective and scale with which to plan for a more systematicdocumentation or assessment survey.6.2 This survey can be augmented with information from
23、ahigh-altitude surveillance and tracking program. In some casesthis survey can be combined with other aerial reconnaissanceactivities being conducted to locate and visually observe oil onwater (Practice F 1779) (2).6.3 Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the coast atslow-speed flight at altitudes
24、 in the range of 75 to 150 m.Helicopters are preferred over fixed-wing aircraft, as theypermit landings to confirm observations made from the air.Among fixed-wing aircraft, those with the wing mountedabove the fuselage (high-wing aircraft) are essential to allowthe required visibility of shoreline f
25、eatures.6.4 If possible, the survey team will consist of an oilobserver and navigator/recorder. The observer should be anoil-spill specialist familiar with oil on shorelines and able todistinguish between natural materials (stranded kelp, blacklichen, heavy mineral bands, etc.) and oil. The navigato
26、r logsthe flight lines, locates a section of shoreline on maps or charts,and records oil observations.6.5 Records of observations may be made on maps andnotebooks. Videotape and still photography can also be used toadd a visual record of examples of the oiling conditions andshoreline character for i
27、mmediate use by planners and decisionmakers.6.6 An aerial reconnaissance is generally not required wherethe presence of oil on the shore has been defined clearly fromother sources or where the affected coastline is short enough inlength that an aerial videotape survey can be completed duringone low-
28、tide cycle.7. Aerial Videotape and Mapping Survey(s)7.1 The aerial videotape recording and mapping survey(s)are conducted on coasts where there is known or expectedoiling. The survey is used to provide detailed and systematicdocumentation on the extent and type of shoreline oiling andother shoreline
29、 conditions (2).7.2 Small high-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the coast atvery slow speeds at altitudes in the range of 25 to 75 m.7.3 The primary survey team consists of an oil observer anda navigator. The navigator records and maps relevant flightinformation. The oil observer operates the video
30、camera andprovides a continuous audio commentary, for which the colorvideo image provides a visual image frame of reference. Insome cases a video technician may be desirable for theoperation and quality control of the audio and video record-ings.7.4 The oil observer/videographer is an oil-spill spec
31、ialist,who can identify the shoreline substrate and form and distin-guish between natural shoreline materials and stranded oil.Duties of the oil observer are as follows:7.4.1 To identify or create segment boundaries and describetheir location on one of the audio channels. These are alsorecorded on a
32、 set of flight-line maps or charts by the navigator.7.4.2 To videotape the shore zone through an open door orwindow continuously, with the camera angled down (30 to 45)and slightly ahead of the aircraft (15 to 30) so that the areabeing described comes into focus and the foreground duringthe commenta
33、ry. Video resolution is best when the sun isbehind the aircraft.7.4.3 To provide a continuous descriptive commentary onthe shoreline oiling conditions, including the (1) length andwidth of the oiled areas and the oil distribution (percent surfaceoil cover), (2) physical shore-zone character, and (3)
34、 otherpertinent features such as access locations or constraints (4).7.5 Video recording equipment requires either a camera/recorder/color monitor system or a camrecorder system. Bothmust have on-screen date/time, audio recording, and lowlightrecording capabilities. Other requirements include an ind
35、epen-dent, stabilized power supply or converter and a voice-activated two-channel audio recording and communicationssystem between all crew members, including the pilot. Alsodesirable is the capability for location (geographical position-ing system) overprint on the image, a stabilized camera mount,
36、and small inboard color monitor(s).F 1686 97 (2003)28. Ground Assessment Survey(s)8.1 Shoreline ground assessment surveys are conducted onoiled segments that may have been identified by the aerialreconnaissance or aerial videotape-mapping survey(s), to pro-vide detailed, systematic observations that
37、 are used to guide thedevelopment of appropriate treatment or cleanup activities (5,6).8.2 The scale of the ground survey is dependent on the sizeand character of the area affected and the intended use of thesurvey data.8.3 Where more than one survey team is used, appropriatemeasures must be taken t
38、o ensure consistency in proceduresand terminology.8.4 Typically, a ground survey team must contain an oilspillshoreline specialist and may include a coastal ecologist,cultural resources specialist, and different agency representa-tives, depending on available personnel and the complexity ofthe spill
39、.8.4.1 In the most simple form, the survey is conducted by anoil-spill shoreline specialist who has a basic understanding ofmarine coastal geomorphology and processes, oil behavior, andcleanup. Using standardized terms, definitions, and procedures,this person documents the oiling conditions and the
40、physicalcharacter of each oiled segment.8.4.2 A specialist in coastal ecology may be included in theteam(s), as necessary, to identify and assess intertidal commu-nities and evaluate the effect of the oil or the potential effect oftreatment options. The ecologist may also (1) verify theoccurrence of
41、 sensitive habitats or species (in the segment) thatwere identified previously in sensitivity maps or databases, (2)identify and document human use activities in a segment, and(3) identify procedures or constraints on response operations tominimize effects on the biota.8.4.3 A cultural resources or
42、archaeological specialist maybe included on the team(s), as necessary, to identify known orsuspected archaeological, historical, or other cultural sites. Thespecialist may also (1) help evaluate potential effects or varioustreatment options, (2) if authorized, collect artifacts for theirpreservation
43、, and (3) identify procedures or constraints onresponse operations to avoid potential impacts on the sites in oradjacent to oiled segment(s) (5).8.4.4 Representatives of government agencies, land ownersor managers, the potential responsible party, and the operationsteam may participate as observers
44、to assist in the subsequentdevelopment of response options and constraints.8.5 In its basic form, the survey would document and assessthe surface and, where applicable, subsurface oiling conditions.On shores where the materials are mobile or where the oil canpermeate into the substrate, it is necess
45、ary to dig pits ortrenches to locate and describe oil that has been buried or haspenetrated. The inclusion of ecological or archaeologicalobservations would depend on the purpose of the survey.8.6 Standard forms are recommended in order to ensure thatall necessary data are recorded or considered in
46、a consistentmanner. These are typically designed to suit the spill situation.An example of a generic shoreline oiling summary (SOS) formis provided in Fig. 1. Simpler forms may be used whereappropriate to the intended purpose of the spill survey. Similarforms may be adapted for use in freshwater or
47、riverineenvironments or on a regional basis to be applicable tonon-temperate or tropical shore-zone conditions.8.7 A field sketch (see Fig. 2) is recommended to locateoiled zones within a segment, where the oil is not distributeduniformly, or to identify shore-zone features. A map sketchrather than
48、a perspective drawing is interpreted more easily andcan include oiling, substrate character, photographic, and scaleinformation.8.8 Still-color photographs or videotape recordings cansupplement the completed form and sketch. More informationcan be recorded on the audio channel of a videorecorder tha
49、ncan be recorded in a field note book, by sketches or photo-graphs. The system has the advantage over notes or a taperecorder as a visual image is provided of the location underdiscussion. This technique is particularly recommended forsurveys or segments in which the shoreline or oiling conditionsare particularly complex, unusual, or spatially variable.8.9 There are several post-survey activities that are optional.Prior to departing a survey site, a team may review individualassessments quickly and discuss findings to ensure that nothingsignificant has been overlooked. At the com
