1、Designation: F 1958/F 1958M 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Ignitability of Non-flame-Resistant Materialsfor Clothing by Electric Arc Exposure Method UsingMannequins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1958/F 1958M; the number immediately following the d
2、esignation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used t
3、o identify materials that areignitable and that can continue to burn when exposed to anelectric arc, and determines (a) the incident exposure energythat causes ignition, and (b) the probability of ignition.1.2 The specimens tested in this test method are materialsfabricated in the form of shirts.1.3
4、 This test method shall be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arcunder controlled laboratory conditions.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or in other units shallbe regarded separ
5、ately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents, therefore each systemmust be used independently of the other, without combiningvalues in any way.1.5 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraisethe fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assembl
6、iesunder actual fire conditions. However, results of this test maybe used as elements of a fire assessment which takes intoaccount all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessmentof the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
7、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 For specific precautions, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
8、2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 4391 Terminology Relating to the Burning Behavior ofTextilesF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF 1506 Performance Specification for Textile Materials forWearing Apparel for Use by Electrical Workers Exposed toMomentary Electric Arc and Related
9、Thermal HazardsF 1959/F 1959M Test Method for Determining The ArcThermal Performance Value Of Materials for Clothing2.2 ANSI/IEEE Standards:3Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See also Terminology D 4391.3.1.2 arc duration, ntime duration of t
10、he arc, s.3.1.3 arc energy, vi dt, nsum of the instantaneous arcvoltage values multiplied by the instantaneous arc currentvalues multiplied by the incremental time values during thearc, J.3.1.4 arc gap, ndistance between the arc electrodes, in.3.1.5 arc voltage, nvoltage across the gap caused by the
11、current flowing through the resistance created by the arc gap,V.3.1.6 asymmetrical arc current, nthe total arc currentproduced during closure; it includes a direct component and asymmetrical component, A.3.1.7 blowout, nthe extinguishing of the arc caused by amagnetic field.3.1.8 closure, npoint on
12、supply current wave form wherearc is initiated.3.1.9 delta peak temperature, ndifference between themaximum temperature and the initial temperature of the sensorduring the test, C.3.1.10 heatflux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted per unit area and time (cal/cm2s)(W
13、/cm2).3.1.11 i2t, nsum of the instantaneous arc current valuessquared multiplied by the incremental time values during thearc, A2/s.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.65
14、on Wearing Apparel.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1997 as PS 57 97. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F1958/F1958M-99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 345 E.47th St., New York, NY 10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.12 ignitability, n (ignitable, adj)in electric arc expo-sure, the property of a material involving ignition accompaniedby heat and light, and continued burning resulting in consump-tion of at least 25 % of the exposed area of the test specimen.3.1.13 i
17、gnition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.14 incident energy (Ei), nthe amount of energy (totalheat, cal/cm2) received at a surface as a direct result of anelectrical arc discharge as measured by temperature rise oncopper calorimeters.3.1.15 incident energy monitoring sensorssensorsmounted on each
18、side of the mannequins.3.1.15.1 DiscussionSensors use the calorimeters de-scribed in Test Method F 1957/F 1957M.3.1.16 peak arc current, nmaximum value of the AC arccurrent, A.3.1.17 RMS arc current, nroot mean square of the AC arccurrent, A.3.1.18 time to delta peak temperature, nthe time frombegin
19、ning of the initiation of the arc to the time the delta peaktemperature is reached, s.3.1.19 X/R ratio, nthe ratio of system inductive reactanceto resistance. It is proportional to the L/R ratio of time constant,and is, therefore, indicative of the rate of decay of any DCoffset. A large X/R ratio co
20、rresponds to a large time constantand a slow rate of decay.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminologies D 123 and F 1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method exposes a material to heat energy froman electric arc, and determines (a) the incident
21、exposure energythat causes ignition, and (b) the probability of ignition.4.1.1 During this procedure, a material is observed forignitability during and after exposure to an electric arc.4.2 Material performance is determined from the ignitabilityof the specimen(s).5. Significance and Use5.1 This tes
22、t method determines the ignitability of materialsin single or multiple layers.5.1.1 Material performance shall be determined from theignitability of the specimen(s) and shall be reported as aprobability of ignition at various incident energy levels.5.1.2 Materials which meet the flame resistance req
23、uire-ments of Specification F 1506 do not require testing by this testmethod unless the mechanism of passing Specification F 1506involves melting and escape from the flame source (forexample, coated fabrics, certain rainwear fabrics).5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,vertical p
24、osition and does not involve movement except thatresulting from the exposure.5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposureconditions. Different exposure conditions may produce differ-ent results. In addition to the standard set of exposure condi-tions, other conditions representative of
25、the expected hazardmay be used.6. Apparatus6.1 General Arrangement for Determining Ignitability Us-ing Mannequins and Monitor SensorsThe test apparatusshall consist of supply bus, arc controller, recorder, arcelectrodes, mannequins, and incident energy monitoring sen-sors. The arc exposure shall be
26、monitored with two incidentenergy monitoring sensors for each mannequin.6.1.1 Arrangement of the MannequinsA minimum of twomannequins with two monitoring sensors each shall be used foreach test. Position monitor sensors on each side of themannequins as shown in Fig. 1. An additional mannequin withmo
27、nitoring sensors may be placed around the arc as shown inFig. 2 to evaluate multiple samples of the same materials at thesame distance from the arc. Each mannequin shall be visuallyobserved for ignition.6.1.2 Specimen HolderUse a male mannequin torso, sizelarge, made from non-conductive fiberglass c
28、onstruction. (Amannequin, such as Model 7001 D, Morgese Soriano orequivalent is acceptable). The mannequin shall be constructedin an erect posture. The mannequin head may be removable.The mannequins shall have detachable arms that are straightand mount in a vertical position to allow the test specim
29、en atthe chest to be the closest point to the centerline of the arc. Thearms of the mannequins may be shortened to 4 in. 102 mm topermit ease of specimen mounting. The position of the man-nequins from the centerline of the arc electrodes shall beadjustable from 8 in. 203 mm to 24 in. 610 mm as shown
30、in Figs. 1 and 3.6.1.3 The mannequins may be instrumented. Refer to Ap-pendix X1.6.2 Supply Bus and ElectrodesA typical arrangement ofthe supply bus and arc electrodes is shown in Fig. 2. The arcshall be in a vertical position as shown.6.2.1 ElectrodesMake the electrodes from stainless steel(Alloy T
31、ype 303 or Type 304) rod of a nominal34 in. 19mm diameter. Lengths of 18 in. 450 mm long initially havebeen found to be adequate.6.2.2 Fuse WireA fuse wire, connecting the ends ofopposing electrodes tips, is used to initiate the arc. This wire isconsumed during the test; therefore, its mass shall be
32、 veryFIG. 1 Mannequin With Monitor SensorsF 1958/F 1958M 99 (2005)2small to reduce the chance of molten metal burns. The fusewire shall be a copper wire with a diameter no greater than 0.02in. 0.05 mm.6.3 Electric SupplyThe electric supply should be suffi-cient to allow for the discharge of an elect
33、ric arc with a gap ofup to 12 in. 305 mm, with alternating arc current from 4000up to 25 000 amperes and with arc duration from 3 cycles 0.05s up to 90 cycles 1.5 s from a 60 Hz supply. The X/R ratioof the test circuit shall be such that the test current contains aDC component resulting in the first
34、 peak of the test currenthaving a magnitude of 2.3 times the symmetrical RMS value.6.4 Test Circuit ControlRepeat exposures of the arc cur-rents shall not deviate more than 2 % per test from the selectedtest level. The make switch shall be capable of point on waveclosing within 0.2 cycles from test
35、to test, such that the closingangle will produce maximum asymmetrical current with anX/R ratio of the test circuit as stated in 6.3. The arc current,duration, and voltage shall be measured. The arc, current,duration, voltage and energy shall be displayed in graph formand stored in digital format.6.5
36、 Data Acquisition SystemThe system shall be capableof recording voltage, current, and sufficient calorimeter outputsas required by the test. The sensitivity and accuracy of the dataacquisition system shall be as described in Test MethodF 1957/F 1957M.6.6 Data Acquisition System ProtectionDue to the
37、natureof this type of testing, the use of isolating devices on thecalorimeter outputs to protect the acquisition system is recom-mended.7. Precautions7.1 The test apparatus discharges large amounts of energy.In addition, the electric arc produces very intense light. Careshould be taken to protect pe
38、rsonnel working in the area.Workers should be behind protective barriers or at a safedistance to prevent electrocution and contact with moltenFIG. 2 Supply Bus and Arc Electrodes Showing Mannequin(s) Position(s)F 1958/F 1958M 99 (2005)3metal. Workers wishing to directly view the test should usevery
39、heavily tinted glasses such as ANSI/ASC Filter Shade 12welding glasses. If the test is conducted indoors, there shall bea means to ventilate the area to carry away combustionproducts, smoke, and fumes. Air currents can disturb the arc,reducing the heatflux at the surface of any of the calorimeters.T
40、he test apparatus should be shielded by non-combustiblematerials suitable for the test area. Outdoor tests shall beconducted in a manner appropriate to prevent exposure of thetest specimen to moisture and wind (the elements). The leads tothe test apparatus should be positioned to prevent blowout oft
41、he electric arc. The test apparatus should be insulated fromground for the appropriate test voltage.7.2 The test apparatus, electrodes and calorimeter assem-blies become hot during testing. Use protective gloves whenhandling these hot objects.7.3 Use care when the specimen ignites or releases combus
42、-tible gases. An appropriate fire extinguisher should be readilyavailable. Ensure all materials are fully extinguished.7.4 Immediately after each test, the electric supply shall beshut off from the test apparatus and all other lab equipmentused to generate the arc. The apparatus and other laboratory
43、equipment shall be isolated and grounded. After data acquisi-tion has been completed, appropriate methods shall be used toventilate the test area before it is entered by personnel. No oneshould enter the test area prior to exhausting all smoke andfumes.8. Sampling and Specimen Preparation8.1 Test Sp
44、ecimens for Mannequin TestFrom the materialto be tested, make specimens according to standards for largemens long sleeve shirts. Body measurements in inches are:neck size, 1612; chest, 44; waist, 39; hip, 45; and sleeve length34. Reference McCalls pattern No. 4641 size 1612 . Frontpockets are to be
45、eliminated.8.1.1 The fabric direction shall be that normally used forconstructing shirts.8.2 Conditioning of Test Specimens:8.2.1 Launder the required number of test specimens.8.2.1.1 Launder three times in a washing machine usingcommercially available detergent without chlorine bleach andwith a war
46、m 120F (50C) water setting.NOTE 1Drying is not required following the first two launderings.8.2.1.2 Following the three laundering cycles, tumble dry ina dryer on a setting appropriate for the fabric. Removespecimens when dry.8.2.1.3 Samples may be restored to a flat condition bypressing.8.2.2 For t
47、hose materials that require cleaning other thanlaundering, follow the manufacturers recommended practiceand note the procedure used in the test reports.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Data Collection System PrecalibrationThe data col-lection system shall be calibrated by using a thermocoupleca
48、librator/simulator. This will allow calibrations to be made atmultiple points and at levels above 100C. Due to the nature ofthe tests frequent calibration checks are recommended.9.2 Calorimeter Calibration CheckCalorimeters shall bechecked to verify proper operation. Measure and graph thetemperature
49、 rise of each calorimeter and system response. At30 s no one calorimeter response shall vary by more than 4Cfrom the average of all calorimeters. Any calorimeter notmeeting this requirement shall be suspected of faulty connec-tions and shall be replaced or repaired.NOTE 2One acceptable method is to expose each calorimeter to afixed radiant energy source for 30s. For example, place the front surfaceof a 500 W spot light 10.5 in. from the calorimeter. The spot shall becentered on and perpendicular to the calorimeter.49.
