1、Designation: F 716 82 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Methods forSorbent Performance of Absorbents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratorytest data which describe the performance of absorbent materi-als used to remo
3、ve oils and other compatible fluids from water.1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions andshould not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard orfire risk of
4、 materials, products, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test may be used aselements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account allof the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warningstatement
5、see 10.4.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 Federal Standard:Fed. Std. No. 141 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and RelatedMaterials. Methods of Inspection, Sampling and Testing22.2 Military Specification:MIL-I-631D Insulation, Electric, Synthetic Resin Composi-tion, Nonrigid23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abs
6、orptiona process where the material taken up isdistributed throughout the body of the absorbing material.3.1.2 adsorptiona process where the material taken up isdistributed over the surface of the adsorbing material.3.1.3 sorbenta material used to recover liquids throughthe mechanisms of absorption
7、or adsorption, or both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 oil, oily liquidsubstantially water-immiscible or-ganic liquids (limited water solubility) as well as liquidscontaining dissolved solids. These oily materials may eitherfloat, sink, or be dispersed.3.2.2 Type I absorbent
8、 (loose)an unconsolidated, particu-late material without sufficient form to be applied in singleunits. This type may include particulate blends with othermaterials, that is, adsorbents to allow use in specific applica-tions.3.2.3 Type II absorbent (roll, sheet, pad, blanket, pillow,web)a material th
9、at has a form and strength sufficient to belifted and handled when saturated without tearing.3.2.4 Type III Absorbent (booms)absorbent material in aform whose length substantially exceeds other dimensions.Booms are to be provided with connector units so that theymay be coupled to another boom or lin
10、e.4. Summary of Method4.1 The absorbent material is tested using established stan-dard methods, where applicable, and specially developed testsfor performance factors.5. Significance and Use5.1 These methods are to be used as a basis for comparisonof absorbents in a consistent manner.5.2 These metho
11、ds are not useful for a comparison ofabsorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibitadsorbent properties. Both types of materials have prime areasof utility.5.3 These methods may not list all the safety and disposaloptions necessary for safe ultimate disposal of used sorbentmaterial i
12、nto the environment. Federal, state, and local regu-latory rules must be followed.6. Special Considerations6.1 SolubilityFluid should not dissolve the absorbentunder normal recovery or handling conditions.6.2 ReuseUsed absorbent materials may be recycled un-der certain conditions. Fluid absorbed can
13、not be released withsqueezing. However, many of the polymeric materials willdepolymerize at temperatures at or below those in a refinerypipe still. This means they are recoverable, although in adifferent form.Along with resource recovery, the harvestability1These test methods are under the jurisdict
14、ion of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved Jan. 13, 1982. Published March 1982.2Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave.,
15、 Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of sorbents will become more important. Lower boiling mate-rials may also be steam stripped from absorbents to recoverboth fluid and absorbent.
16、6.3 Release of VolatilesCertain volatile materials pickedup by sorbents may create a vapor hazard by increasing theexposed surface area and therefore vapor release. Dependingon the material picked up, this may increase fire or healthhazard (see 10.4).6.4 Release to an Alternative Material Such as Sa
17、ndThetendency to release sorbed liquid to beaches, ground, clothingof personnel, and so forth, both as liquid and vapor can bedetermined on a basis of priority (see 11.5).6.5 PenetrationAbsorbents may be useful as sealing de-vices and the penetration test will allow a uniform means ofdetermining the
18、 efficacy of a material for this use.7. Apparatus7.1 Exterior Exposure Tester, sufficient for use with Fed.Std. No. 141, Method 6152 (optional).7.1.1 Actual outdoor exposure in a direction averaging themaximum exposure in a sunny area, such as Southern Floridaor Arizona, is desired. Exposure should
19、be listed in monthswith total sun days.7.1.2 Actual outdoor exposure for a period of three monthsat a testing site should be listed.7.2 Tension TesterCommercially available tester (op-tional).37.2.1 Use of actual weights suspended from test pieces inturn suspended from a continuous reading hanging s
20、cale maybe used. Shock loading may be simulated by fastening one endof a unit rigidly and attaching the maximum pickup weight tothe bottom end hanging free. The weight can be raised 2.5 cmand released and also 10 cm and again released. This testshould be recorded as pass or fail.7.3 Continuous Readi
21、ng Hanging ScalesA continuousreading hanging scale fitted with a hook or clamp should beused. For testing units, weighing sensitivity shall be 62 %. Forsmall samples, postal-type scales may be used (0 to 80 g).7.4 Top Loading Balance, having 0.5-g resolution forsamples weighing at minimum 50 g or mo
22、re. An accuracy of2 % is desired.7.5 Measuring Tubes10 and 100-mL graduated measur-ing cylinders of regular laboratory quality.7.6 Paper Towels, for removing excess liquid from theabsorbent.7.7 Oven-Dried Mason Sand, for use in checking rate ofrelease. Screen analysis is desired. Optionally, known s
23、creensize silica sand can be used.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be used for general testing, although theactual fluid should be used where possible.8.2 Samples Heavier than WaterFor samples heavier thanwater 1,1,1-trichloroethane (available in many retail stores asnonflammable spot remover) may
24、be used.8.3 Low-Viscosity MaterialsFor low-viscosity material(like gasoline), use xylene which has a higher flash point. (Forsafety, a solution containing 10 % methylene chloride can beadded to aid in raising flash point.) Materials conforming to 8.2have a viscosity similar to gasoline but the densi
25、ty differencemay have to be adjusted.8.4 Polar SolventsFor polar solvents, use methylisobu-tylketone (hexone), butylacetate, and so forth.8.5 Medium-Viscosity FluidsFor medium-viscosity fluids,No. 2 fuel oil, diesel fuel, JP-5, Jet A-1 (turbine fuel), or lightcrude oil (for example, light Arabian or
26、 Iranian crude), isrecommended.8.6 High-Viscosity FluidsNondetergent or C-10 Trans-former dielectric oil (specify manufacturer and viscosity) isrecommended.8.7 Range Finding FluidsEthanol (95 %), acetone, ethyl-ene glycol, cyclohexane, 2-nitropropane are suitable fluids.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition
27、three absorbent test specimens at room tem-perature (21 to 26C) (70 to 80F) in a closed vessel with 2.5cm of water in the bottom. Suspend specimens in vapor spacewithout contacting water for not less than 24 h prior to testing.Condition specimens in the fully exposed state with nocoverings or wrappi
28、ng that would hinder the equilibrationprocess.9.2 Condition three absorbent test specimens totally im-mersed in water at room temperature (21 to 26C) (70 to 80F)in a vessel with a minimum of 10 cm of water covering theabsorbent for not less than 24 h prior to testing. Conditionspecimens in the fully
29、 exposed state with no coverings orwrapping which would hinder the equilibration process.9.3 Alternative TemperaturesIf temperature conditionsother than room temperature are expected to be important, thenthe sorbent should be conditioned and tested at the temperatureof use in addition to those speci
30、fied in 9.1 and 9.2.10. Determination of Physical Characteristics ofAbsorbents10.1 MildewThe susceptibility of an absorbent to mildewunder normal storage is described in MIL-I-631D. This op-tional test determines the expected shelf life under conditionswhich could lead to mildew. This test may be re
31、quired when itis believed that this condition may exist prior to an emergency.10.2 Exterior ExposureThis optional test may be per-formed in accordance with Fed. Std. No. 141, Method 6152.Actual exposure in area of use for one month is preferable.Long-term testing is not necessary for materials that
32、are to beused in emergency situations. For testing purposes both absor-bent and adsorbent and other parts of a fabricated unit shouldbe tested or exposed individually and reported.10.3 Humidity/Water ResistanceThis test is used to pre-dict the performance of a product stored under high humidityor on
33、e that is water-soaked prior to use.10.3.1 Condition all absorbent test specimens at roomtemperature (21 to 26C) (70 to 80F) in a closed vessel with2.5 cm of water in the bottom. Suspend the specimens in vaporspace without contacting water for 2 days (14 days optional).3Instron Model No. TM, availab
34、le from Instron Corp., 100-ARoyall St., Canton,MA 02021, or equivalent.F 716 82 (2001)2At the end of the exposure period, test the specimens for oiland water absorbency. Record weights before and after thisconditioning.10.3.2 Weigh specimens that are conditioned in water bybeing total immersed (8.2)
35、 immediately after removal fromwater and again after wringing out all excess water (typicalhand wringer for laundry or equivalent). Test specimens for oiland water sorbency following both weighings.10.4 FlammabilityThis test should indicate either contri-bution to an existing fire, that is, a UL rat
36、ing of 94, if desired,or a simple rating of combustible or noncombustible andflashpoint by Cleveland open-cup. (WarningAll sorbentmaterials, even those considered nonhazardous, take on thecharacteristics of the material they pick up. If the material isflammable, the used absorbent material is flamma
37、ble. If thefluid picked up is toxic, then the used absorbent should behandled as a toxic substance. Basic active absorbent and simplefabricated units are adequate for this test.)11. Determination of Expected Performance11.1 General:11.1.1 Initial testing for performance can be accomplishedwith absor
38、bent in the as-received condition. Conditioning asdescribed in Section 9 may be necessary for special use or forspecial fluids to be absorbed. Good practice requires triplicatetesting with results reported as the average.11.1.2 For all tests, without exception, the fabricated mate-rials or units mus
39、t remain handleable (without tearing) at themaximum pickup rate reported while being held by a corner ofthe unit.11.2 Oily Material AbsorptionThis test provides a simplemethod of comparing the absorbing materials inherent capac-ity to absorb various fluids as well as compare ultimatecapacity to do s
40、o. This test is run with an excess of fluid.11.2.1 Type I AbsorbentIn a 10-mL graduated cylinder,place 2 mL of absorbent and weigh to determine the weight ofabsorbent. Place the 2 mL of absorbent into a 100-mLgraduated cylinder. Add 50 mL of fluid to be tested, recordlevel, then cap with a foil (alu
41、minum or plastic)-wrapped corkor stopper. Agitate for short periods with a glass stirring rod. Ifat the end of 2 h there is still free liquid on top of the swollenabsorbent or underneath if the fluid has a density greater thanthe absorbent, place a piece of 200-mesh screen (just slightlysmaller than
42、 the inside diameter of the cylinder with at leastfour centering wires bent up at 90) in the fluid to sit on top ofthe absorbent. Record the level of the swollen absorbent. If thefluid is much more dense than the absorbent, add an additionalminimum weight on top of the screen to force the swollenabs
43、orbent to the bottom and then record the level of the screen.If this test gives a swell of less than 20 mL, repeat using 10 mLof absorbent in the 100-mL graduated cylinder. This empiricaltest may be replaced by a microscopic calibrated swell of auniform absorbent particle in the fluid.11.2.2 Swell m
44、ay also be checked at 24 h for thosespecimens that have not shown maximum swell in 2 h. Itshould be recognized that a 2-h maximum swell may beacceptable but a 24-h swell will probably not be useful for aspill control unit without modification. Such a 24-h swell timemay require modification of partic
45、le size, etc., to provideeffective swell within 2 h. The report shall include the timerequired to reach maximum absorption if less than 2 h.11.2.3 Increase in volume of the solid absorbent is theproperty that distinguishes an absorbent from an adsorbent.Free liquid should be poured out of the gradua
46、te cylinder anda weighing then made (with the tared screen). The weight ofswollen absorbent allows calculation of absorption efficiency:A 5 W1W2!/W1# 3 100 (1)where:W1= weight of absorbed material,W2= weight of unabsorbed material, andA = absorption efficiency for the fluid and absorbentbeing tested
47、.Type I absorbent material may be tested with inert materialpresent such as sand, fibers, and so forth, that give a specialproperty such as no stir dispersion or sufficient mass to serve astemporary diking. The absorbent mass with inert material canbe evaluated using the test described in 8.2. The i
48、nert materialmay be subtracted from the total weights to indicate theabsorbent data. The penetration test in 11.4 may also be useful.11.3 Rate of ReleaseThis test can be used to estimate thedegree of hazard in the case of flammable or hazardousmaterials. For those materials with vapor hazards or ski
49、ntoxicity to humans these are important factors. (Warningsee10.4.)11.3.1 Place a standard sized weighed piece of an absorbentunit in a dish of fluid.Add excess fluid to assure total saturationof material. A saturation time of 30 min should be adequatealthough a 2-h test is well within the useful practical applica-tion time. If material to be absorbed is toxic, run this test in aventilated fume hood.11.3.2 Following thorough saturation, hang the absorbentunits (minimum 15-cm dimensions) by one corner and weighimmediately (even if dripping). Record
