1、Designation: F2089 01 (Reapproved 2007)F2089 15Standard GuidePractice forLanguage Interpretation ServicesInterpreting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2089; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies the components of quality language interpretation services and establishes criteria for ea
3、ch component.These criteria define the minimum standard of quality services in the language interpretation industry with reference to distinctivecharacteristics of specific settings. The needs analysis identifies a procedure for making an informed choice of interpretationservices. In the language in
4、dustry, translation refers to the translation of a written text, whereas interpretation refers to thetranslation of spoken or signed communication.2. Professional Judgment Caveat2.1 This guide offers an organized collection of information and does not recommend a specific course of action. This docu
5、mentcannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guidemay be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional s
6、ervice shall be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of aprojects unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.3. Definitions of Interpretation3.1 interpretationthe proc
7、ess of understanding and analyzing a spoken or signed message and re-expressing that messagefaithfully, accurately and objectively in another language, taking the cultural and social context into account.3.2 simultaneous interpretationa highly complex cognitive activity that requires the interpreter
8、 to listen, analyze, comprehend,convert, edit, and reproduce in real time a speaker or signers message while the speaker or signer continues to speak or sign, ina specific social context.3.3 consecutive interpretationa highly complex cognitive activity that requires the interpreter to listen, analyz
9、e, comprehend,convert, edit, and reproduce the original message after the speaker or signer pauses, in a specific social context. Consecutiveinterpretation is likely to take longer than simultaneous, because the interpreter does not interpret while the speaker or signer isspeaking or signing.4. Refe
10、renced Documents4.1 ASTM Standards:2F1562 Guide for Use-Oriented Foreign Language Instruction4.2 ISO/IEC Standards:3IEC 60914:1998 Conference Systems: Electrical and Audio Requirements Conference Systems: Electrical and AudioRequirementsISO 2603:1998 Booths for Simultaneous InterpretationGeneral Cha
11、racteristics and Equipment Booths for SimultaneousInterpretationGeneral Characteristics and EquipmentISO 4043:1998 Mobile Booths for Simultaneous InterpretationGeneral Characteristics and Equipment Mobile Booths forSimultaneous InterpretationGeneral Characteristics and Equipment1 This guidepractice
12、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F43 on Language Services and Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F43.01 onLanguage Interpreting.Current edition approved April 1, 2007March 15, 2015. Published July 2007May 2015. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition appr
13、oved in 20012007 asF2089 01.F2089 01 (2007). DOI: 10.1520/F2089-01R07.10.1520/F2089-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
14、 page on the ASTM website.2 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made t
15、o the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyrig
16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 Other Documents:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary or Artistic WorksCivil Rights Act of 1964Executive Order 13166, August 11, 2000Guidance
17、 Memorandum; Title VI Prohibition Against National Origin DiscriminationPersons with Limited EnglishProficiency, Office for Civil Rights, Department of Health and Human Services, August 2000Patients Bill of Rights, American Hospital Association, 1978Universal Convention on CopyrightU.S. Department o
18、f Justice: Enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964National Origin Discrimination AgainstPersons With Limited English Proficiency, “LEP Guidance,” August 11, 200028 U.S.C. 1827 Federal Court Interpreters Act (1978 Court Interpreters Act and 1988 Amendment)5. Terminology5.1 Definitions
19、 of Terms Specific to This Standard:5.1.1 active languagea working language into which an interpreter interprets.5.1.2 “A” languagea language in which the interpreter has educated native proficiency in speaking and listening (see Tables1 and 2).5.1.3 bidirectional interpretinginterpretation between
20、two languages where each functions as both a source and targetlanguage (for example, an attorney-client interview where each speaks a different language).5.1.4 “B” languagea language in which the interpreter has full functional proficiency in speaking and listening (see Tables1 and 2).5.1.5 “C” lang
21、uagea language in which the interpreter has full functional proficiency in listening (see Table 2).5.1.6 clientan individual, institution or other entity that procures interpretation services.5.1.7 consultant interpreteran interpreter who contracts directly with a client to provide all interpretatio
22、n services necessary,as well as related administrative and organizational tasks for the event.5.1.8 domainthe subject matter, field, sector or industry.5.1.9 language combinationthe set of working languages of an individual interpreter.5.1.10 limited English proficiency (LEP)a legal concept referrin
23、g to a level of English proficiency that is insufficient to ensureequal access to public services provided in English without an interpreter.5.1.11 multidirectional interpretinginterpretation between two or more source and target languages.5.1.12 passive languagea working language out of which an in
24、terpreter interprets.5.1.13 provideran entity (for example, an interpretation agency, consultant interpreter, or technological equipment company,that contracts to deliver interpretation services or a component thereof).5.1.14 relay interpretingusing an interpretation of the original message as a sec
25、ondary source language for interpretation intoanother target language (for example, an utterance in Japanese is interpreted directly into English, and that English output is thebasis for the interpretation into French).5.1.15 remote interpretationinterpretation provided by an interpreter who is not
26、on site (for example, interpretation viatelephone or videoconferencing).5.1.16 settingthe domain and the type of event for which interpretation is provided.5.1.17 sight translationtranslation of a written document into spoken/signed language.5.1.18 source languagethe language of a speaker/signer who
27、 is being interpreted.5.1.19 target languagethe language of the person receiving interpretation.5.1.20 type of eventthe physical location, number of participants and type of discourse.5.1.21 unidirectional interpretinginterpretation from only one source language (for example, a main speakers present
28、ationbeing interpreted for listeners).5.1.22 whisper interpretingwhispered simultaneous interpretation, without equipment, for one or two listeners.5.1.23 working languagea language an interpreter uses professionally.6. Summary of Guide6.1 When two or more people are unable to communicate with each
29、other due to language differences, they need an interpreter.The interpreters task is to remove the language barrier to the extent possible. The interpreter enables the participants toF2089 152communicate in real time almost as if there were no language barrier. The participants should be aware that
30、everything said orsigned will be interpreted and that all participants should interact directly with each other as if they were in a monolingualenvironment.6.2 When interpreting, the interpreter may speak/sign either at the same time (simultaneous interpretation) or after thespeaker/signer pauses (c
31、onsecutive interpretation; see 3.2, 3.3, and 10.1).6.3 The interpretation may be from one language into another only (unidirectional) or back and forth between languages (bi-or multi-directional).6.4 The setting in which the interpretation takes place will dictate the particulars of how the interpre
32、tation is carried out (seeSection 11).6.5 In certain settings, the provision of interpreters is mandated by governmental and/or regulatory bodies (for example,Executive Order 13166, August 11, 2000 and US Department of Justice “LEP Guidance,” August 11, 2000).7. Significance and Use7.1 This guide is
33、 intended to serve clients and providers of language interpretation services and the institutions providingprofessional training for interpreters. It is the responsibility of clients and providers of language services to ensure that participantsin interpreted events are informed of how to best make
34、use of interpretation services.7.2 To ensure quality interpretation, the following components shall be considered. These components are discussed in detailin subsequent sections.7.2.1 Interpreter QualificationsAssists the client and provider in determining the interpreter qualifications appropriate
35、to theneed at hand. These qualifications consist of command of languages, interpreting skills, and knowledge of subject matter (seeSection 8).7.2.2 Needs AnalysisAssists the client in determining the components of the service which correspond to the most appropriate,reliable, cost-effective, and eff
36、icient solution for the need at hand. Provides the client with a process for the procurement of highquality interpretation services (see Section 9).7.2.3 Elements Common to All Interpreted EventsDescribes factors that all interpretation settings share (see Section 10).7.2.4 SettingsAssists the clien
37、t and provider in identifying factors specific to interpretation in a given setting, which mayinclude a description of the domain and type of event, mode of interpretation, interpreter qualifications, responsibilities of allparticipants as well as limitations and complicating factors in specific set
38、tings (see Section 11).7.2.5 Technological RequirementsDescribes the equipment for particular modes of interpretation that may be used in specificsettings and types of events (see Section 12).7.2.6 Code of Ethics and Professional ConductDefines a code of ethics and professional conduct for interpret
39、ers. Allprofessional interpreters are expected to adhere to this code (see Section 13).7.2.7 Responsibilities of ProvidersDefines the responsibilities of providers to clients and interpreters when offering andimplementing interpretation services (see Section 14).7.2.8 Responsibilities of ClientsDesc
40、ribes responsibilities of clients to providers and interpreters that are not coveredelsewhere in this guide (see Section 15).8. Interpreter Qualifications8.1 Interpretation is a complex, demanding task that requires an excellent command of languages, possession of skills andabilities specific to int
41、erpretation, and knowledge of the subject matter being interpreted. Bilingualism alone is insufficient.8.2 Command of Languages:8.2.1 Languages that interpreters use professionally are usually referred to as working languages (see Fig. 1). Interpreters shallconstantly maintain their working language
42、s at a high level of proficiency.8.3 Interpreting Skills and Abilities:8.3.1 In addition to the command of languages as described above, the interpretation process requires the following skills andabilities. These interpreting skills and abilities may be documented through formal training in the ski
43、ll of interpretation, testing,a degree, certification, and professional experience. Interpreting skills and abilities include:8.3.1.1 Attention SkillsIn order to listen at a high level of concentration, enabling the interpreter to analyze the meaning ofthe message completely and accurately at all ti
44、mes;8.3.1.2 Analytical SkillsIn order to construe the meaning of the message completely and accurately under severe timeconstraints;8.3.1.3 Memory SkillsIn order to retain the message long enough to render it completely and accurately in the target languagewhile under stress;8.3.1.4 Language Transfe
45、r SkillsIn order to rapidly and efficiently find the congruent expression in the target language.F2089 1538.3.1.5 Note-taking SkillsIn order to support memory in consecutive interpretation for spoken languages and, in languagepairs with greater grammatical differences, simultaneous interpretation. T
46、he interpreter should have a note-taking system that isspecific to the task of interpretation.8.3.1.6 Cultural AwarenessIn order to understand and render the message completely and accurately, including its culturallyspecific references and concepts;8.3.1.7 Clear and Audible Speech/Visible SigningIn
47、 order to be heard and understood by the audience with little effort at alltimes;8.3.1.8 Demeanor Appropriate to SettingIn order to avoid calling undue attention to him/herself, which detracts from theoriginal speakers message. Appropriate demeanor reflects the interpreters professionalism and inclu
48、des the ability to conveyemotional content without mimicking the speaker;8.3.1.9 AdaptabilityIn order to interpret in a wide variety of settings (see Section 11);8.3.1.10 StaminaIn order to provide high quality interpretation for the duration of the assignment;8.3.1.11 Ability to Cope with StressIn
49、order to balance the interpretation task and related factors, such as emotionally chargedsubject matter and settings, travel and public-speaking, which are an inherent part of interpreting.8.4 Knowledge of Subject Matter:8.4.1 The interpretation process also requires knowledge of the subject matter and its terminology.8.4.1.1 In general, the interpreter should have a broad general education, including familiarity with the latest developments ina wide variety of fields and subject areas, which may include the followin
