1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15415-2:2012Solid recovered fuels Determination of particle sizedistributionPart 2: Maximum projected length method(manual) for large dimension particlesBS EN 15415-2:2012
2、BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15415-2:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This
3、publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 71988 2ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immun
4、ity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15415-2:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15415-2 April 2012 ICS 75.160.1
5、0 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution - Part 2: Maximum projected length method (manual) for large dimension particles Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de la distribution granulomtrique - Partie 2: Mthode (manuelle) de projection de la
6、 longueur maximale des particules de grande dimension Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Partikelgrenverteilung - Teil 2: Manuelles Verfahren zur Bestimmung der grten projizierten Lnge fr groe Partikel This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2012. CEN members are bound to comply
7、 with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC M
8、anagement Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
9、 status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Por
10、tugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by
11、any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15415-2:2012: EBS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 List of symbols and abbreviations .65 Principle 65.1 Principle of sampling 65.
12、2 Principle of the determination of dimension 76 Apparatus .87 Procedure .87.1 Preparation of the sampling plan .87.2 Procedure for taking the field sample and producing the laboratory sample(s) 87.3 Procedure for quantification of maximum projected length .98 Precision 109 Test report . 10Bibliogra
13、phy . 12BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15415-2:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publicatio
14、n of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall
15、 not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 15415, Solid recovered fuels Determination of particle size distribution, consists of the following parts: Part 1: Screen method for small dimension particles Part 2: Maximum projected length method (manual) for large dimensi
16、on particles Part 3: Method by image analysis for large dimension particles According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D
17、enmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 4 Introducti
18、on This document is dedicated to outlining a manual method for characterizing the size of pieces of solid recovered fuel (SRF) that exhibit an irregular shape and are generally large in size. Typical examples are shredded, end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. When such products reach the end-of-l
19、ife stage, they continue to exhibit the very strong mechanical properties for which they were designed and fabricated. For instance, tyres are designed and fabricated to withstand cutting. Therefore, it is wise to minimise shredding when producing SRF from these end-of-life productsThis results in a
20、 general production of SRF pieces exhibiting an irregular shape and large size. These SRF pieces cannot be characterised using the sieving method specified in EN 15415-1 which utilises well-known distribution curves and a series of test sieves. Consequently, the method specified in this document is
21、a manual method based on the determination of the maximum projected length and accompanied by an appropriate statistical evaluation. This maximum projected length approach is needed for the sake of testing; but it is mainly needed to facilitate the use of these solid recovered fuels. Safe transporta
22、tion (e.g. with a conveyer) and introduction into the combustion zone are dependent on the design and operations adapted to such maximum length. In this document, the maximum projected length is determined without considering the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces (see 3.1). In EN 15415-3, an
23、image analysis method is specified which allows the characterisation of these filaments protruding from shredded tyre pieces. This document is based on CEN/TS 14243, AFNOR XP T47-751 and AFNOR XP T47-756. BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the determinat
24、ion of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels. It establishes a manual method for the determination of the maximum projected length for large dimension particles. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid recovered fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shre
25、dded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. This document does not apply to filaments protruding from the SRF pieces. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, onl
26、y the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions ISO 565, Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet
27、Nominal sizes of openings ISO 3310-1 Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply: 3.1 filaments filiform parts protruding from
28、 pieces of a solid recovered fuel (SRF), generally of a metallic and/or textile nature 3.2 format of a large piece of SRF format based on the distribution of the maximum projected length BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 6 4 List of symbols and abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviatio
29、ns are used in this document: LDF Lower dimension of the format (mm) HDF Higher dimension of the format (mm) L Maximum projected length MS Mass of the laboratory sample (kg) MF Mass of the fine pieces (kg) MLM Mass of the loose metal wires NCC Number of central classes NCR Number of classes in the r
30、ange from LDF to HDF TNP Total number of pieces in the sample not including the fine pieces MPF Mass percentage of the fine pieces MPM Mass percentage of the loose metal wires NPL Number percentage of large pieces MPL Mass percentage of large pieces (optional) NPC Number percentage of NCC MPC Mass p
31、ercentage of NCC (optional) SRF Solid recovered fuel NOTE In this document “mass percentage“ is used for “mass fraction expressed as percent“ to maintain continuity with other symbols and their abbreviations that do not designate mass fractions. 5 Principle 5.1 Principle of sampling The main princip
32、le of sampling is to obtain a representative sample or representative samples from a whole lot (of defined material) from which a characteristic is to be determined. If the lot is to be represented by a sample, then it is necessary that every particle in the lot have an equal probability of being in
33、cluded in the sample (i.e. probabilistic sampling). Whenever this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall define a procedure as close as possible to probabilistic sampling in their judgement (i.e. judgemental sampling) and note the limitations in the sampling plan and sampling rep
34、ort. In general, it is difficult to take samples in a way that satisfies the principle of correct sampling if a material is stationary (for example in a stockpile, big bag or silo). With regard to large pieces of irregular shape (e.g. pieces that include protruding filaments), it is necessary to tak
35、e samples if the material is in movement. NOTE The determination of properties other than dimensions can result in different sampling requirements. This is the case when determining physical properties such as bulk density or chemical composition. BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 7 5.2 Principl
36、e of the determination of dimension A laboratory sample of at least TNP 100 separate elements not passing through the LDF sieve is taken for the test. The mass of the laboratory sample, MS, is weighed to within 0,01 kg. Any elements consisting solely of metal wires released from the pieces of solid
37、recovered fuel are not counted in the TNP pieces. They are collected and weighed together (MLM in kilograms). After passing through a LDF sieve, the mass of the fine pieces, MF, is weighed to within 0,01 kg. The pieces not passing through the sieve (without loose metal wires) are used to determine t
38、he maximum lengths and constitute the test portion for determination purposes. Each piece of this test portion is treated individually. As these pieces are not usually flat, the largest length is defined as the largest length projected onto a plane on which the piece in question lies. This length is
39、 measured to within 5 mm without deforming the piece and excluding protruding filaments. The measurements of the different maximum projected lengths, L, are used for drawing a histogram (see Figure 1) that is a characteristic of the distribution of the pieces of the test portion, i.e. the laboratory
40、 sample without the fine pieces and without the loose metal wires. This histogram consists of the large pieces (a class larger than the HDF threshold dimension of the large pieces) and NCR = 7 classes of the same width between the LDF and HDF dimensions. Figure 1 Example of a histogram The following
41、 three characteristics of the histogram are extracted from these measurements: a) the number percentage of large pieces, NPL (and optionally, the mass percentage of large pieces, MPL, corresponding to the pieces larger than the higher dimension of the HDF format where HDF is one of the characteristi
42、cs of the format of the product under consideration, e.g. 350 mm); b) the mass percentage of the fine pieces, MPF = 100 MF/MS (mass percentage of the pieces passing through the sieve with a mesh of LDF where LDF is one of the characteristics of the product format under consideration, e.g. 25 mm); c)
43、 the number percentage, NPC (and optionally the mass percentage, MPC) of the pieces in the number of central classes (NCC) (2-3-4-5-6) amongst the classes NCR = 7 between the lower and higher dimensions of the format (LDF and HDF). BS EN 15415-2:2012EN 15415-2:2012 (E) 8 6 Apparatus 6.1 Vessel, larg
44、e enough to contain at least 100 pieces; 6.2 Illuminated measurement plane, with a ruler graduated in millimetres for measurements up to 500 mm on this measurement plane; 6.3 Balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 kg; 6.4 Circular mesh sieve, in accordance with ISO 565 or ISO 3310-1, with a mesh of LDF.
45、7 Procedure 7.1 Preparation of the sampling plan First, the property required in the testing programme and the lot in relation to which it is defined, e.g. “maximum projected length on a SRF production of 300 Mg“, shall be identified. The lot size shall be based on management decisions about the pro
46、duction quality or specific customer requirements. It may be defined by the producer as a fixed quantity produced between machine settings, a fixed quantity of a production day/shift/week or simply a fixed quantity. With regard to certain pieces exhibiting large dimensions, the tools for taking an i
47、ncrement shall be sufficiently large so that the large pieces are equally sampled. Typically this results in a case of increments of more than 100 pieces (3 kg to 15 kg). NOTE 1 Larger increments would slightly improve the sampling quality while increasing the size of the field sample, therefore com
48、plicating the size reduction into laboratory sample(s). It is preferable to increase the number of increments and thus directly increase the reproducibility. For reference testing (contractual or pre-contractual) concerning SRF dimension(s), the field sample shall be a composite sample constituted o
49、f 3 increments taken on dates selected randomly along the period of time during which the lot is produced. If there is no SRF on a particular date at the sampling location, the increment shall be taken on another date preselected prior to sampling, unless this is caused by a major change in the production process (see below). For routine testing concerning the dimension(s) of SRF, the field sample shall consist of 1 increment taken on a date selected randomly along the period o
