1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationGeographic information Land Administration DomainModel (LADM)BS EN ISO 19152:2012National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 19152:2012.The UK parti
2、cipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeIST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsibl
3、e for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 64456 6ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the StandardsPolic
4、y and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2012.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN ISO 19152:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 19152 November 2012 ICS 35.240.70 English Version Geographic information - Land Administration Domai
5、n Model (LADM) (ISO 19152:2012) Information gographique - Modle du domaine de ladministration des terres (LADM) (ISO 19152:2012) Geoinformation - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO 19152:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 November 2012. CEN members are bound to comply w
6、ith the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Man
7、agement Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same s
8、tatus as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Ma
9、lta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All right
10、s of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 19152:2012: EBS EN ISO 19152:2012EN ISO 19152:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3BS EN ISO 19152:2012EN ISO 19152:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 19152:2012) has been prepared by Tec
11、hnical Committee ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information/Geomatics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
12、 by endorsement, at the latest by May 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for iden
13、tifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugo
14、slav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 19152:2012 ha
15、s been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 19152:2012 without any modification. BS EN ISO 19152:2012ISO 19152:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Conformance .1 3 Normative references2 4 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations.2 4.1 Terms and definitions .2 4.2 Abbr
16、eviations.6 5 Overview of the LADM 7 5.1 Packages and subpackages of the LADM 7 5.2 Basic classes of the LADM.8 5.3 Party Package 9 5.4 Administrative Package9 5.5 Spatial Unit Package .10 5.6 Surveying and Representation Subpackage 11 6 Content of classes of the LADM and their associations.12 6.1 I
17、ntroduction12 6.2 Special classes 12 6.2.1 VersionedObject 12 6.2.2 Fraction.14 6.2.3 Oid.14 6.2.4 LA_Source15 6.3 Classes of Party Package.16 6.3.1 LA_Party.16 6.3.2 LA_GroupParty 18 6.3.3 LA_PartyMember .18 6.3.4 Code lists for Party Package18 6.4 Classes of Administrative Package.19 6.4.1 LA_BAUn
18、it19 6.4.2 LA_RRR 21 6.4.3 LA_Right.22 6.4.4 LA_Restriction .23 6.4.5 LA_Responsibility .23 6.4.6 LA_Mortgage23 6.4.7 LA_AdministrativeSource.24 6.4.8 LA_RequiredRelationshipBAUnit 24 6.4.9 Code lists for Administrative Package25 6.5 Classes of Spatial Unit Package 26 6.5.1 LA_SpatialUnit .26 6.5.2
19、LA_SpatialUnitGroup 27 6.5.3 LA_LegalSpaceBuildingUnit 28 6.5.4 LA_LegalSpaceUtilityNetwork .29 6.5.5 LA_Level.30 6.5.6 LA_RequiredRelationshipSpatialUnit30 6.5.7 Data types for Spatial Unit Package 31 6.5.8 Code lists for Spatial Unit Package .31 6.6 Classes of Surveying and Representation Subpacka
20、ge .32 6.6.1 LA_Point.32 6.6.2 LA_SpatialSource33 BS EN ISO 19152:2012ISO 19152:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved6.6.3 LA_BoundaryFaceString.34 6.6.4 LA_BoundaryFace .35 6.6.5 Data types for Surveying and Representation Subpackage .35 6.6.6 Code lists for Surveying and Representation Subpackag
21、e 36 6.7 Associations between classes .38 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite.40 Annex B (normative) 2D and 3D representations of spatial units48 Annex C (informative) Instance level cases .50 Annex D (informative) Country profiles 71 Annex E (informative) Spatial units and spatial profiles.82 A
22、nnex F (informative) Legal profiles .88 Annex G (informative) The LADM and INSPIRE .91 Annex H (informative) The LADM and LPIS93 Annex I (informative) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM).99 Annex J (informative) Code lists101 Annex K (informative) External classes103 Annex L (informative) Interface cl
23、asses108 Annex M (informative) Modelling land administration processes110 Annex N (informative) History and dynamic aspects 111 Annex O (informative) LADM and other ISO/TC 211 international standards.112 Bibliography 117 BS EN ISO 19152:2012ISO 19152:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroducti
24、on This International Standard defines the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The LADM is a conceptual model, and not a data product specification (in the sense of ISO 19131). The purpose of the LADM is not to replace existing systems, but rather to provide a formal language for describing the
25、m, so that their similarities and differences can be better understood. This is a descriptive standard, not a prescriptive standard. Land administration is a large field; the focus of this International Standard is on that part of land administration that is interested in rights, responsibilities an
26、d restrictions affecting land (or water), and the geometrical (geospatial) components thereof. The LADM provides a reference model which will serve two goals: to provide an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective land administration systems, based on a Model Dr
27、iven Architecture (MDA), and to enable involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate, based on the shared vocabulary (that is, an ontology), implied by the model. The second goal is relevant for creating standardized information services in a national or i
28、nternational context, where land administration domain semantics have to be shared between regions, or countries, in order to enable necessary translations. Four considerations during the design of the model were that: it will cover the common aspects of land administration all over the world; it wi
29、ll be based on the conceptual framework of Cadastre 2014 of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) 14; it will be as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice; the geospatial aspects follow the ISO/TC 211 conceptual model. Until now, most countries (or states, or provinces) have
30、developed their own land administration system. One country operates a deeds registration system, another a title registration system. Some systems are centralized, and others decentralized. Some systems are based on a general boundaries approach, others on fixed boundaries. Some systems have a fisc
31、al background, others a legal one. The different implementations (foundations) of the various land administration systems do not make meaningful communication across borders easy. However, looking from a distance, one will observe that the different systems are in principle largely the same: they ar
32、e all based on the relationships between people and land, linked by (ownership or use) rights, and are in most countries influenced by developments in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Furthermore, the two main functions of every land administration (including cadastre and/or land regi
33、stry) are: keeping the contents of these relationships up-to-date (based on regulations and related transactions); and providing information from the (national) registers. Land administration is described as the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about the relationship b
34、etween people and land. If ownership is understood as the mechanism through which rights to land are held, we can also speak about land tenure. A main characteristic of land tenure is that it reflects a social relationship regarding rights to land, which means that in a certain jurisdiction the rela
35、tionship between people and land is recognised as a legally valid one. These recognised rights are in principle eligible BS EN ISO 19152:2012ISO 19152:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved viifor registration, with the purpose being to assign a certain legal meaning to the registered right (e.g. a ti
36、tle). Therefore, land administration systems are not just handling geographic information, as they represent a lawfully meaningful relationship amongst people, and between people and land. As land administration activity on the one hand deals with huge amounts of data, which moreover are of a dynami
37、c nature, and on the other hand requires a continuous maintenance process, then the role of ICT is of strategic importance. Without the availability of information systems it will be difficult to guarantee good performance with respect to meeting changing customer demands. Organizations are now incr
38、easingly confronted with rapid developments in technology, a technology push (the Internet, geospatial databases, modelling standards, open systems, and GIS), as well with a growing demand for new services, a market pull (e-governance, sustainable development, electronic conveyance, and the integrat
39、ion of public data and systems). Modelling is a basic tool, facilitating appropriate system development and reengineering and, in addition, it forms the basis for meaningful communication between different systems. Standardization has become a well-known process in the work of land administrations a
40、nd land registries. In both paper-based systems and computerized systems, standards are required to identify objects, transactions, relationships between objects (e.g. parcels, generally referred to as spatial units) and persons (e.g. citizens, legally referred to as subjects and generally referred
41、to as parties), classification of land use, land value, map representations of objects, and so on. Computerized systems require further standardization when topology and the identification of single boundaries are introduced. In existing land administrations and land registries, standardization is g
42、enerally limited to the region, or jurisdiction, where the land administration (including cadastre and/or land registry) is in operation. Open markets, globalization, and effective and efficient development and maintenance of flexible (generic) systems, require further standardization. The scope of
43、this International Standard is provided in Clause 1. Conformance in relation to this International Standard is given in Clause 2, and a conformance test is specified in Annex A. Normative references are presented in Clause 3 and the used terms, definitions and abbreviations in Clause 4. Clause 5 giv
44、es a global overview of packages. Clause 6 introduces the classes, attributes and associations in detail. Annex B explains the 2D and 3D representations of spatial units. A comprehensive set of informative examples (using instance level classes) is available in Annex C. It must be noted that this is
45、 a generic domain model. It is expandable and it is likely that additional attributes, operators, associations, and perhaps even additional classes, will be needed for a specific region or country; see the country profiles in Annex D. Specific parts of the LADM are further detailed: the spatial prof
46、iles in Annex E and the legal profiles in Annex F. Some examples of using the LADM in a specific context are: the INSPIRE cadastral parcels in Annex G, the integration of the LADM with the agricultural Land Parcel Identification Systems (LPIS) of the European Union in Annex H, and the Social Tenure
47、Domain Model (STDM) in Annex I. It is possible to use only a subset, or profile, of the LADM for a specific implementation. Annex J gives an overview of code tables as a basis to describe a flexible enumeration. The construction of external databases with party data, address data, taxation data, lan
48、d use data, land cover data, valuation data, physical utility network data, and archive data, is outside the scope of the LADM. However, the LADM provides stereotype classes for these data sets (if available), see Annex K. Interface classes are in Annex L. Annex M makes some remarks in relation to p
49、rocess models. History and dynamic aspects are included in Annex N. Annex O explains the link to other ISO international standards. BS EN ISO 19152:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19152:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) 1 Scope This International Standard: defines a reference Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) covering basic information-related components of land administration (including those over water and land, and elements above and below
