1、BS ISO7404-2:2009ICS 73.040; 75.160.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDMethods for thepetrographic analysisof coalsPart 2: Methods of preparing coalsamplesThis British Standardwas published underthe authority of theStandards Policy andStrategy Com
2、mittee on 30November 2009 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 56502 1Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 7404-2:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7404-2:2009. Itsupersedes BS 6127-2:1982 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparat
3、ion was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct applicati
4、on.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 7404-2:2009Reference numberISO 7404-2:2009(E)ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO7404-2Second edition2009-10-01Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 2: Methods of preparing coal samples Mthodes dana
5、lyse ptrographique des charbons Partie 2: Prparation des chantillons de charbon BS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typeface
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10、.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Definitions 1 4 Principle .1 5 Reagents and materials 1 6 Apparatus.2 7 Procedure.3 Annex A (in
11、formative) Examples of procedures for the preparation of a polished particulate block suitable for petrographic analysis from a sample of crushed coal .6 BS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwi
12、de federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on tha
13、t committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in a
14、ccordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard re
15、quires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 7404-2 was prepared by Tech
16、nical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7404-2:1985),which has been technically revised. ISO 7404 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals: Part 1: Vocabulary1) Part
17、 2: Methods of preparing coal samples Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition Part 4: Methods of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerite composition1) Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite 1) Parts 1 and 4 of this International Stan
18、dard will be available under the original title, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite, until the revisions of these documents have reached the stage at which they are publicly available. BS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vIntroductio
19、n Petrographic analyses have been recognized internationally as important in the context of the genesis, vertical and lateral variation, continuity, metamorphism and usage of coal. The International Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP) has made recommendations concerning nomenclature and analytical m
20、ethods and has published an extensive handbook that is continuously updated, describing in detail the characteristics of a wide range of coals. The text of this part of ISO 7404 agrees substantially with the text of the handbook and incorporates many useful comments made by members of the ICCP and b
21、y member bodies of ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. Petrographic analyses of single-seam coals provide information about the rank, the maceral and microlithotype compositions and the distribution of mineral matter in the coal. The reflectance of vitrinite is a useful measure of coal rank and the dist
22、ribution of the reflectance of vitrinite in a coal blend. Together with a maceral group analysis, it can provide information about chemical and technological properties of the coal and coal blend. Various other applications, like the characterization of bulk samples, cargoes, etc., and the precise d
23、etermination of different rank vitrinites in complex coal blends are in use. ISO 7404 (all parts) is concerned with the methods of petrographic analysis currently employed in characterizing coal in the context of its technological use and establishes a system for petrographic analysis. The method is
24、 applicable for low-, medium- and high-rank coals. The varied petrographic composition and hardness of coal and the type and amount of included mineral matter does not permit the formulation of a precise procedure that can be applied with equal success to all types and ranks of coal. For example, a
25、successful preparation method for use with medium- and high-rank coals might not be applicable among low-rank coals. Within these limits, therefore, this part of ISO 7404 allows the operator to apply individual skills and experience to the preparation of a satisfactory polished surface. Nevertheless
26、, recommended procedures that have been found applicable to a variety of coals, are given in the Annex A, which is for information only. Many processes are involved between the mining of the coal and its preparation for industrial use. Petrographic analysis can be required at any stage on samples fr
27、om the coal seam in situ, from borehole cores, on the raw product from the colliery, on the products from the preparation plant, or on the final product. The amount and size distribution of the coal being investigated thus varies widely and it is important to ensure that the sample obtained for petr
28、ographic analysis is fully representative. BS ISO 7404-2:2009BS ISO 7404-2:2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7404-2:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 2: Methods of preparing coal samples 1 Scope This part of ISO 7404 specifies methods for preparin
29、g a polished particulate block from a sample of crushed coal for analysis by reflectance microscopy. These methods can also be applied to the preparation of a polished, embedded lump of coal. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this docu
30、ment. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendment) applies. ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrograp
31、hic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 1: Vocabulary1)ISO 18283, Hard coal and coke Manual sampling ICCP International Handbook of Coal Petrography 3 Definitions For the purpose of this document, the definitions given in ICCP International Handbook and in ISO 7404-1 apply. 4 Principle A
32、 representative sample of air-dried coal is crushed to a specified particle size and mixed with a suitable binder. The mixture is formed into a particulate block, one face of which is ground and polished to give a relief-free and scratch-free surface for analysis by reflectance microscopy. 5 Reagent
33、s and materials 5.1 Binder, used to hold the particles of crushed coal together as a particulate block, or to embed a lump of coal. The properties of the binder shall be such that a) there shall be no chemical reaction with the coal or immersion oil; b) for liquid binders such as polyester resin, th
34、e curing temperature required to make the particulate block should not exceed 100 C and a temperature of less than 60 C is preferable; BS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reservedc) for thermoplastic mounting materials such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) powder, a temperatur
35、e of about 120 C is required for proper annealing; d) the surfaces of the coal particles should be easily wetted and there shall be good penetration of pores and cracks; e) the coal particles should be held securely during grinding and polishing; f) there should be a marked contrast with the coal pa
36、rticles when immersed in oil and focused under the microscope; g) the hardness should be comparable with that of the coal so that a flat, relief-free and scratch-free surface can be obtained by grinding and polishing; h) there should be no large volume changes during curing, which can cause possible
37、 damage to the coal particles; i) the viscosity of liquid binder should be such that the tendency of coal grains to segregate due to density and size is minimized. 5.2 Mould release agent, that does not affect the coal and mounting compound, nor damage the mould. 5.3 Grinding abrasives, consisting o
38、f silicon carbide papers of decreasing grain size, 53,5 m (240 grit or P280), 23,6 m (400 grit or P800), 16,0 m (600 grit or P1200). Metal-bonded, diamond-impregnated 15 m grinding disks may be used as a substitute for the smaller-grain-size silicon carbide paper. 5.4 Polishing abrasives, consisting
39、 of metal oxide powders, colloidal silica suspension, or diamond pastes of decreasing grain size. A polishing abrasive having a maximum particle size not exceeding 0,05 m shall be used for the final polishing stage. NOTE The number of polishing stages depends on the grain size of the abrasive used a
40、t the final stage of grinding and on the grain size of the polishing abrasives available. It is recommended that aluminium oxide powders be used throughout and that an abrasive having a maximum particle size of 0,3 m be used for the penultimate polishing stage. 5.5 Lap cloths, made of cotton, silk o
41、r synthetic fabric with a minimum of nap. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Test sieve, having an aperture 1,00 mm, in accordance with the requirements of ISO 3310-1, with a suitable lid and receiver. 6.2 Grinding mill or mortar and pestle, suitable for crushing 0,3 kg to 0,45 kg of coal to pass through the test siev
42、e (6.1), with the minimum production of fines. The grinding mill may be manually or electrically operated. 6.3 Press, for use when pressure is required during curing, for example when using PMMA. It shall be capable of producing a pressure of up to 21 MPa 2)and may be a simple hand operated lever, a
43、 torque-wrench, or a hydraulic press. 2) 1 MPa = 106N/m2= 145 psi. BS ISO 7404-2:2009ISO 7404-2:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 36.4 Moulds, to hold the mixture of coal and binder during the curing process. In simple moulding, these may be made from heavy-gauge aluminium foil, but reusable moul
44、ds may be made from silicone rubber, flexible plastic, aluminium or steel. For pressure moulding, a cuboid or cylindrical steel mould equipped with a removable base and cap or other means of removing the block from the mould after curing; see Note. The interior surfaces of the metal mould should hav
45、e a ground finish. Metal moulds for use in pressure moulding shall be capable of withstanding double the pressure normally applied in making the particulate block. The internal dimensions of the mould shall be such that the face of the block that will be polished has a surface area of at least 500 m
46、m2. NOTE For reflectance analysis, if the coal is deficient in vitrinite, it can be necessary to make more than one block of minimum size. 6.5 Pelletizing machine, consisting of an automatic mounting press that can be pre-programmed for mould size, type of binder (thermosetting, thermoplastic), heat
47、ing time, cooling time, initial temperature, and curing pressure. These have been found to be time-saving and produce blocks of consistent quality. By employing a spacer in a tall mould, two pellets can be made during one cycle. 6.6 Containers, disposable, suitable for mixing the required amounts of
48、 coal and binder. NOTE Wax-coated containers are unsuitable for liquid binders. 6.7 Machine for grinding and polishing, either with stationary or rotating laps for manual polishing, or automatic grinder/polishers which have been found to save time, equipped with interchangeable lapping discs for eac
49、h of the grinding and polishing stages. The machine should be fitted with a contra-rotating specimen holder of the type in which the specimen is held rigidly and is not free to rotate independently of the holder. The specimen holder should have a means of varying the load on the specimen. 6.8 Sample cleaner, consisting of a means of cleaning the surface of the particulate block between the successive stages of grinding and polishing. Jets of tap water and distilled water are essential and, in addition, an ultrasonic cl
