1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD 6699-3:2010PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNanotechnolognullenullPart 3: Guide to assessing airborne exposure in occupational settings relevant to nanomaterialsThis publication is not to be
2、 regarded as a British Standard.PD 6699-3:2010 PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTPnullnulllnullnullhnullng annull conullnullnullnullght nullnnullonullnullatnullonThe BSnull copnullright notice displanulled in this docunullent indicates nullhen the docunullent nullas last issued.null BSnul
3、l 2010nullSBnull 9nullnull 0 nullnull0 6nullnullnull9 1nullnullS 13.100null null1.100.99The nullollonulling BSnull renullerence relates to the nullornull on this standard: nullonullnullittee renullerence nullTnull1Pnullnulllnullcatnullon hnullnulltonullnullnullirst publishednull nullonullenullber 20
4、10nullnullennullnullentnull nullnullnullnullenull nullnullnce nullnullnulllnullcatnullonDate Tenullt anullnullectenull null BSnull 2010 null iPD 6699-3:2010PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTContentnullnullorenullord ii0 nullntroduction 11 Scope 12 Ternulls and denullnitions 23 nullbbrenul
5、liations 2null nullnullposure assessnullent generic 2null nulleasurenullent in occupational settings relenullant to nanotechnologies 76 Strategnull nullor enullposure assessnullent 9null nullnstrunullents and techninullues anullailable nullor nullonitoring enullposure 13nullnnenullenullnullnnenull n
6、ull nullinnullornullatinullenull Selection onull instrunullents 20Bibliographnull 25Lnullnullt onull nullgnullnullenullnulligure 1 null The risnull assessnullent paradignull relating hanullardnull enullposure and risnull 3nulligure 2 null Predicted total and regional deposition onull particles in th
7、e hunullan respiratornull tract related to particle sinullenull using nullnullnullP 66 nullodel 4nulligure 3 null nullealth-related sanullpling connullentions nullor nullornullplace aerosols nullnullSnull nullnull0null:199nullnull 5nulligure null null Tnullpes onull nanonullaterials 9nulligure null
8、null nullnullposure assessnullent process diagranull 10nulligure 6 null nullnullPS sinulle distributions 17Lnullnullt onull tanulllenullTable 1 null Plausible enullanullples onull enullposure scenarios and the possible aerosol release 8Table 2 null nullnullailable instrunullents and techninullues nu
9、llor nullonitoring nanonullaterial enullposure nullnullronull PD nullSnullnullTnull 2null62null:200nullnull 14Table null.1 null Tables applicable to particle tnullpes 20Table null.2 null nullethod assessnullent nullor discretenull appronullinullatelnull spherical nanoparticles null nullategornull nu
10、ll 21Table null.3 null nullethod assessnullent nullor discrete nullnullnullnull null nullategornull B 22Table null.null null nullethod assessnullent nullor agglonullerated nano-particle nullnullategornull D null and heterogeneous agglonullerates containing nano-obnullects null nullategornull nullnul
11、l 23Table null.null null nullethod assessnullent nullor agglonullerated nullnullnullnull nullnullategornull D null and heterogeneous containing nullnullnullnull null nullategornull null 24Snullnullnullanullnull onull nullagenullThis docunullent conullprises a nullront conullernull an inside nullront
12、 conullernull pages i to iinull pages 1 to 2nullnull an inside bacnull conuller and a bacnull conuller.PD 6699-3:2010ii null null BSnull 2010PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTnullonullenullonullnullPnullnulllnullnullhnullng nullnnullonullnullatnullonThis Published Docunullent is published
13、 bnull BSnull and canulle into enullnullect on 30 nullonullenullber 2010.The initial dranullting onull this Published Docunullent nullas produced in association nullith BnullS as part onull their ongoing progranullnulle onull support nullor standardinullation.PD 6699null Nanotechnologiesnull nonull
14、conullprises the nullollonulling parts:Part 1: Good practice guide for specifying manufactured nanomaterialsnullPart 2: Guide to safe handling and disposal of manufactured nanomaterialsnullPart 3: Guide to assessing airborne exposure in occupational settings relenullant to nanomaterialsnullUnulle on
15、ull thnullnull nullocnullnullentnulls a guidenull this Published Docunullent tanulles the nullornull onull guidance and reconullnullendations. nullt should not be nulluoted as inull it nullere a specinullcation and particular care should be tanullen to ensure that clainulls onull conullpliance are n
16、ot nullisleading.nullt has been assunulled in the preparation onull this Published Docunullent that the enullecution onull its pronullisions nullill be entrusted to appropriatelnullnullualinulled and enullperienced peoplenull nullor nullhose use it has been produced.Pnullenullentatnullonal connullen
17、tnullonnullThe pronullisions in this Published Docunullent are presented in ronullan nulli.e. uprightnull tnullpe. nullts reconullnullendations are enullpressed in sentences in nullhich the principal aunulliliarnull nullerb is nullshouldnull.The nullord nullshouldnull is used to enullpress reconulln
18、ullendations onull this Published Docunullent. The nullord nullnullanullnull is used in the tenullt to enullpress pernullissibilitnullnull e.g. as an alternatinulle to the prinullarnull reconullnullendation onull the clause. The nullord nullcannull is used to enullpress possibilitnullnull e.g. a con
19、senulluence onull an action or an enullent.This PD discusses senulleral products that are trade nullarnulled. nulln each casenullinnullornullation is ginullen nullor the connullenience onull users onull this standard and does not constitute an endorsenullent bnull BSnull onull the products nanulled.
20、Contnullactnullal annull legal connullnullnullenullatnullonnullThis publication does not purport to include all the necessarnull pronullisions onull a contract. Users are responsible nullor its correct application.Thnullnull Pnullnulllnullnullhenull Docnullnullent nullnull not to nulle nulleganullnu
21、llenull anull a Bnullnulltnullnullh Stannullanullnullnullnull BSnull 2010 null 1PD 6699-3:2010PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullT0 IntnullonullnullctnullonBnull alnullost annull nulleasurenull the gronullth onull nanotechnolognull as a scientinullc and technological actinullitnull onuller
22、the last ten nullears has been enornullous. nullndicators include alnullost enullponential gronullth in scientinullc papers publishednull patent applications lodgednull innullestnullents bnull national authorities and prinullate industrnullnull nunullber onull people enullplonulled in the area and r
23、enullenue generated. This has led to the denullelopnullent and production onull nullannull nenull nullornulls onull nullaterials at the nanoscalenullnullith a range onull dinullergent properties nullhen conullpared to the sanulle nullaterials at a larger scale. nullell-nullnonulln enullanullples inc
24、lude nullaterials linulle carbon nanotubes nullnullnullTnullnull nullhich hanulle greatlnull enhanced strength and conductinullitnull nullhen conullpared to other nullornulls onull carbonnull and nulluantunulldotsnull nullhich enullit light at nullrenulluencies nullhich depend on their particle sinu
25、lle. These nenull nanonullaterials are snullnthesinulled in a nullide range onullproduction processes andnull in turnnull lead to a nullide range onull applications and processes in nullhich thenull can be used.nullgainst this bacnullgroundnull concerns hanulle been enullpressed about the potential
26、risnull to the health onull indinulliduals innullolnulled in the nullanunullacture and use onull these nullaterials and to the ennullironnullent nullnullSnullnullnullnullng 200null null1nullnull. null nullull understanding onull the potential risnulls onull such nullaterials nullhen nullanunullactur
27、ed or used renulluires an understanding onull the intrinsic tonullicitnull onull the nullaterials and the enulltent to nullhich people nullor the ennullironnullentnull are enullposed. Since publication onull the nullonullal Societnullnullnullonullal nullcadenullnull onull nullngineering report null1
28、null in 200nullnull there has been a large increase in research actinullitnull nullocused on identinullnullingnull categorinulling and nulluantinullnulling the potential risnulls associated nullith a nullide range onull nenullnanonullaterials null2null. The nullocus has been largelnull on the tonull
29、icological aspectsnull nullithnull to datenull less enullnullort on understanding and nulluantinullnulling enullposure. nullonullenullernull recent studies are contributing to increased understanding onull the instrunullents used and their linullitationsnull and honullthese can be used in conullbina
30、tion to pronullide better nulluantinullcation onullenullposure null3nullnullnullnullnull. nulls nulletnull thoughnull there is no consensus on nullhich nullethods are appropriate nullor each situationnull honull thenull are to be applied in detailnulland nullhat the linullitations onull these nullet
31、hods nullight be.1 SconulleThis Published Docunullent ginulles guidance on the denullelopnullent and inullplenullentation onull plans and strategies nullor the assessnullent onullenullposure bnull inhalation onull nanonullaterialsnull based on an understanding onull the nature onull the enullposure
32、and the capabilities and linullitations onull enullposure nulleasurenullent instrunullentation. nullt is applicable to all nullornullplace settings in nullhich nano-obnullectsnull including nanoparticles and nanotubesnull are nullanunullacturednull processed or used. Sources onull other data and inn
33、ullornullation are also pronullided.The Published Docunullent describes a structurednull step-bnull-step approach to enullposure assessnullent nullhich tanulles into account the purposenull the tnullpe onull innullornullation needednull and the usenullulness and linullitations onullthe nullarious ap
34、proaches nullor enullposure assessnullent nullor dinullnullerent tnullpes onullnanonullaterialsnull and pronullides a rationale nullor nullethod selection.This Published Docunullent is intended to conullplinullent the denullelopnullent and tanulle-up onull nenull nanotechnolognull-based nullaterials
35、 in Unull industrnullbnull pronulliding nullanunullacturers and users onull these nullaterials nullith enullnullectinulle strategies nullor assessing nullornuller enullposure to airborne nanonullaterials.PD 6699-3:20102 null null BSnull 2010PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTnullinullen th
36、e enullergent nature onull the nullnonullledge base in this areanull the guide is targeted at the pronullessional user nullho alreadnull has sonulle nullnonullledge and enullperience onull enullposure assessnullent and occupational hnullgiene practice.2 Tenullnullnull annull nullenullnnulltnullonnul
37、lnullor the purposes onull this Published Docunullentnull the ternulls and denullnitions ginullen in PnullS 136 applnull.Nnullnullnull nullhe term nullnanomaterialsnull includes nanonullobnullects and aggregates and agglomerates of nanonullobnullectsnull including nullhere they are embedded nullithi
38、n a matrixnull3 nullnullnullnullenullnullatnullonnullnullPS nullerodnullnanullic particle sinullernullnullT nullarbon nanotubenullPnull nullondensation particle counterDnullnull Dinullnullerential nullobilitnull analnullsernullDnull nullnergnull dispersinulle null-ranull analnullsisnullnullPnull nul
39、llectrical lonull pressure inullpactornullnullPS nullast nullobilitnull particle counternullnullnullnull nulligh aspect ratio nano-obnullectsnullnullP-nullS nullnductinullelnull coupled plasnulla nullass spectroscopnullnullnullPnull-nullnullS nullnductinullelnull coupled plasnulla optical enullissio
40、n spectronulletrnullnullPnull nullptical particle counternullnullnullT nullanoparticle enullission assessnullent techninulluenullnullnullSnull nullational nullnstitute nullor nullccupational Sanulletnull and nullealthnullnull nullanonullaterialnullP nullanoparticlePnullnullnull Phase contrast optica
41、l nullicroscopnullSnullnull Scanning electron nullicroscopeSnullPS Scanning nullobilitnull particle sinullerTnullnull Transnullission electron nullicroscopenull Enullnullonullnullnulle anullnullenullnullnullent genenullnullcnullnull1 Denullnnullng enullnullonullnullnulleThe risnull to the health onu
42、ll an indinullidual or a population arising nullronullenullposure to a chenullical agent is generallnull considered to be a nullunction onull the intrinsic harnullnullulness onull the chenullical nullits tonullicitnullnull and the dose nullanullountnull nullhich accunullulates in the specinullc biol
43、ogical conullpartnullent nulle.g. the lungsnull. nulln an occupational contenullt it is dinullnullcult to nulluantinullnullthe dosenull specinullcallnull in the case onull insoluble particulates. nulln order to nulluantinullnull and nullanage the risnullsnull it is usual to use enullposure as a pron
44、ullnull nullor dose. nullnonullledge onull plausible enullposure lenullels and duration null BSnull 2010 null 3PD 6699-3:2010PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTenables realistic interpretation onull dose-response relationships. nullnonullledge and control onull enullposure is critical in r
45、isnull assessnullent and nullanagenullentnull as indicated in nulligure 1.nulligure 1 The nullnullnullnull anullnullenullnullnullent nullanullanullnullgnull nullelatnullng hanullanullnullnull enullnullonullnullnulle annull nullnullnullnullnullritical nulluestions in relation to enullposure are: honu
46、ll nulluchnull honulllong and honull nullannull people are enullposednull Thusnull enullposure is usuallnull nulleasured nullnulluantinulled or assessednull in ternulls onull its intensitnullnullconcentrationnull and duration nullor nullrenulluencnullnull. nullontrol onull enullposure nullto nullero
47、null enullnullectinullelnull renullonulles the risnulls nullronull the tonullic agent. nullithout enullposure there is no risnull.nullnull2 nullonulltenull onull enullnullonullnullnulleThe nullain routes bnull nullhich nullornullers can be enullposed to particles are inhalationnull ingestion and der
48、nullal penetration.anull nullnhalation is considered to be the prinullarnull route bnull nullhich particles suspended in air can enter the bodies onull nullornullers. nullnce inhalednullparticles deposit in all regions onull the respiratornull tract. The site and enulltent to nullhich particles depo
49、sit in the respiratornull tract are dependent on particle sinullenull enullpressed in ternulls onull aerodnullnanullic dianulleter nullnullor particles greater than appronullinullatelnull 300 nnullnullor thernullodnullnanullic dianulleter nullor particles less than 300 nnullnull 1null. nulligure 2 shonulls the nullractional deposition onull inhaled particles in the nasopharnullngealnull tracheo-bronchial and alnulleolar regions onullthe hunullan respiratornull tract nullor nasal breathing at restnull using the predictinulle nullathenullatical nullodel onull the nullnternational nullonullnulli
