1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationDD CEN/TS 15401:2010Solid recovered fuels Determination of bulk densityDD CEN/TS 15401:2010 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTNational forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK implementat
2、ion of CEN/TS 15401:2010. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15401:2006 which iswithdrawn.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publicationsand is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on thisprovisional basis, so that inf
3、ormation and experience of its practicalapplication can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Developmentare requested so that UK experience can be reported to theinternational organization responsible for its conversion toan international standard. A review of this publication
4、 willbe initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by theinternational organization so that a decision can be taken on itsstatus. Notification of the start of the review period will be made inan announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies received b
5、y the end of the review period,the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support theconversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of theTechnical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sentto the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at BritishS
6、tandards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all t
7、he necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69175 1ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Draft for Development was published under the authority ofthe Standards Policy and S
8、trategy Committee on 31 August 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedDD CEN/TS 15401:2010TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15401 June 2010 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15401:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination
9、of bulk density Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthode de dtermination de la densit apparente Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der SchttdichteThis Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 27 March 2010 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is lim
10、ited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and
11、to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national stand
12、ards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and U
13、nited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15401
14、:2010: EDD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Symbols and units .5 5 Principle 5 6 Apparatus .5 7 Sampling and sample preparation .6 8 Procedure .7 9 Calculation 8 10 Precision .8 11 Test r
15、eport 9 Annex A (informative) Results of interlaboratory test 10 DD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15401:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attention is drawn to the poss
16、ibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document differs from CEN/TS 15401:2006 mainly as follows: a) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as
17、an informative Annex A; b) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
18、Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 4 Introduction Bulk dens
19、ity is one of the main quality parameters of solid recovered fuels (SRF). It is needed e.g. in a sampling process (volume of sampling tools, volume primary sample), in assessing transport capacity or storage space required or energy density (MWh/m3) of SRF. Bulk density is not an absolute value, the
20、refore conditions for its determination should be standardised in order to gain comparative measuring results. This Technical Specification specifies the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels which can be conveyed in a continuous material flow. For practical reasons, two standard me
21、asuring containers with a volume of 5 l or 50 l are selectable for the determination. The method specified in this Technical Specification is based on EN 15103 1. 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels using a standard m
22、easuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximal 100 mm. NOTE 1 The reason for the limitation to maximal 100 mm is the practical maximum volume of a measurement container and thus dimensions of the aperture of the container. Particle dimen
23、sion should not exceed 1/3 of this value. NOTE 2 Bulk density of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from practice conditions during transportation, st
24、orage or transhipment. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prE
25、N 15357:2008, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions prEN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling prEN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for laboratory sample preparation CEN/TS 15414-2, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry
26、method Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified method CEN/TS 15415, Solid recovered fuels Determination of particle size distribution by screen method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357:2008 apply. DD CEN/TS 15401:
27、2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 5 4 Symbols and units The symbols and units used in this Technical Specification are listed in Table 1. Table 1 Symbols and units used in this Technical Specification Symbol Designation Unit m1Mass of the empty container kg m2Mass of the filled container kg MarMass fraction
28、 of moisture as received (wet basis) % V Net volume of the measuring cylinder m3arBulk density of the sample as received at Markg/m3dmBulk density of the dry matter at Markg/m35 Principle The test portion is filled into a standard container of a given size and shape and weighed afterwards. Bulk dens
29、ity is calculated from the net weight per standard volume and reported for the measured moisture content. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Measuring container 6.1.1 General The container shall be cylindrically shaped and manufactured of a shock resistant, smooth-surfaced material. It shall be waterproof and resistan
30、t to deformation in order to prevent any variation of shape and volume. Grips may externally be fixed for easier handling. The height-diameter-ratio shall be in the range from 1,25 to 1,50. 6.1.2 Large container with a filling volume of (50 1) l, an effective (inner) diameter of 360 mm and an effect
31、ive (inner) height of 491 mm (see Figure 1) where deviations from these dimensions are acceptable provided that the ratio of height to diameter remains as given in 6.1.1. DD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 6 Dimensions in millimetres Figure 1 Measuring container, large 6.1.3 Small container w
32、ith a filling volume of (5 0,1) l, an effective (inner) diameter of 167 mm and an effective (inner) height of 228 mm (see Figure 2) where deviations from these dimensions are acceptable provided that the ratio of height to diameter remains as given in 6.1.1. Dimensions in millimetres Figure 2 Measur
33、ing container, small 6.2 Balances 6.2.1 Balance 1, capable of weighing the sample and the large container (6.1.2) to the nearest 10 g. 6.2.2 Balance 2, capable of weighing the sample and the small container (6.1.3) to the nearest 1 g. 6.3 Scantling with a length of about 600 mm and a cross section o
34、f about 50 mm 50 mm, preferably made of hard wood. NOTE Preferably, the height of the scantling should be 150 mm. 6.4 Wooden board, flat, e.g. an oriented strand board (OSB), with a thickness of about 15 mm and a sufficient size for the container to be dropped onto for shock exposure. 7 Sampling and
35、 sample preparation The sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with prEN 15442 and prEN 15443. The sample volume should exceed the measuring container volume by 30 %. NOTE Precautions should be taken to ensure that the moisture is evenly distributed within the sample. Care should be taken
36、that the moisture content remains constant. DD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 7 8 Procedure 8.1 Determination of the container volume Before use, determine the mass and filling volume of the measuring container (6.1). Weigh the empty, clean and dry container on the balance. Then fill the con
37、tainer with water and a few drops of wetting agent (e.g. liquid soap) until maximum capacity; then weigh it again. The water temperature shall be in the range from 10 C to 20 C. Calculate the volume of the container from the net mass of water and the density of the water (1 000 kg/m3) and record the
38、 result rounded to the nearest 0,000 01 m3for the large container (6.1.2) or to the nearest 0,000 001 m3for the small container (6.1.3). NOTE 1 The effect of temperature on the density of water is here neglected. NOTE 2 The container volume should be checked regularly. 8.2 Container selection All fu
39、els with a nominal top size less than or equal to 100 mm may be used in the large container (6.1.2). For fuels with a nominal top size less than or equal to 12 mm and for pellets with a diameter less than or equal to 12 mm, the small container (6.1.3) may be used. The determination of the particle s
40、ize shall be performed in accordance with CEN/TS 15415. NOTE Larger container gave systematically higher values for bulk density than smaller container in tests 2. Therefore, larger container (50 l) should be used for SRF bulk density measurements, whenever possible. 8.3 Measurement procedure The me
41、asurement procedure shall be carried out as follows: a) fill the container by pouring the sample material from a height of 200 mm to 300 mm above the upper rim until a cone of maximum possible height is formed. Make sure that the container is dry and clean before being (re)filled; b) the filled cont
42、ainer is then shock exposed to allow settling. For that purpose drop it freely from 150 mm height onto a wooden board (6.4) which is lying on an even, horizontal and hard floor. Ensure that the board and the floor are in full contact. Before shock exposure, remove particles on the wooden plate withi
43、n the dropping area. Make sure that the container hits the ground in a vertical position. Repeat the shock exposure at least four times but not more often than five times. Then refill the resulting empty space in the container according to 8.3 a); NOTE In order to estimate the falling height correct
44、ly, it is useful to place the filled container on a strong scantling with a height of 150 mm (see 6.3) before moving it to the side for dropping it freely. c) remove surplus material by using a small scantling (see 6.3) which is shuffled over the edge of the container in oscillating movements. If th
45、e sample contains coarse material, remove by hand all particles preventing the free passage of the scantling. If the removal of larger particles tears bigger holes into the levelled surface, the cavities shall be refilled and the removal procedure repeated; d) weigh the container; e) unify the used
46、sample with the unused sample material and repeat the procedure as given in 8.3 a) to 8.3 d) at least once in order to get two replications; f) determine the moisture content of the sample as received in accordance with CEN/TS 15414-2 immediately after bulk density determination. NOTE Dust can occur
47、 when handling SRF materials during the bulk density determination. Therefore, the use of respiratory protective equipment and protective clothing is recommended. DD CEN/TS 15401:2010CEN/TS 15401:2010 (E) 8 9 Calculation 9.1 Calculation of bulk density as received Calculate the bulk density of the s
48、ample as received, ar, by Equation (1): Vmm12ar= (1) The result for each individual determination shall be calculated to one decimal place, and the mean value of the individual results shall be calculated and rounded to the nearest 10 kg/m3. The mean value shall be recorded in the test report. 9.2 C
49、alculation of bulk density of dry matter Calculate the bulk density of the dry matter, dm, by Equation (2): 100100arardmM= (2) NOTE Equation (2) disregards shrinkage or expansion which usually cause significant deviations if the sample is measured at different drying stages. A true comparison between fuel samples is therefore only possible if bulk density is measured at similar moisture contents. The result for each individual determination shall be calculated to one decimal place, and the mean value of the individual results shall be
