1、BS EN ISO19136:2009ICS 35.240.70NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDGeographicinformation Geography MarkupLanguage (GML) (ISO19136:2007)This British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 30 June2009.
2、 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 56083 5Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN ISO 19136:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 19136:2009.It is identical to ISO 19136:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommi
3、ttee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Sta
4、ndard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN ISO 19136March 2009ICS 35.240.70English VersionGeographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML)(ISO 19136:2007)Information gographique - Langage de balisage engographie (GML) (ISO 19136:2007)
5、This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 January 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical refer
6、ences concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member int
7、o its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, L
8、ithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CE
9、N All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 19136:2009: EBS EN ISO 19136:2009EN ISO 19136:2009 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 19136:2007 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information/Geomatics” of
10、the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 19136:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
11、an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall
12、not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoni
13、a, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 19136:2007 has been approved by CEN a
14、s a EN ISO 19136:2009 without any modification. BS EN ISO 19136:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 Conformance. 1 2.1 Conformance requirements. 1 2.2 Conformance classes related to GML application schemas 2 2.3 Conformance c
15、lasses related to GML profiles 2 2.4 Conformance classes related to GML documents 4 2.5 Conformance classes related to software implementations 4 3 Normative references . 4 4 Terms and symbols 5 4.1 Terms and definitions. 5 4.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 12 5 Conventions 13 5.1 XML namespaces 1
16、3 5.2 Versioning . 14 5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML. 14 5.4 UML notation. 14 5.5 XML Schema 16 6 Overview of the GML schema 16 6.1 GML schema 16 6.2 GML application schemas . 16 6.3 Relationship between the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, the GML schema and GML applic
17、ation schemas 17 6.4 Organization of this International Standard.18 6.5 Deprecated and experimental schema components. 19 7 GML schema General rules and base schema components . 20 7.1 GML model and syntax. 20 7.2 gmlBase schema components 22 8 GML schema Xlinks and basic types . 33 8.1 Xlinks Objec
18、t associations and remote properties 33 8.2 Basic types 34 9 GML schema Features. 43 9.1 General concepts 43 9.2 Relationship with ISO 19109 43 9.3 Features . 43 9.4 Standard feature properties. 44 9.5 Geometry properties. 46 9.6 Topology properties . 48 9.7 Temporal properties . 48 9.8 Defining app
19、lication-specific feature types .49 9.9 Feature collections . 50 9.10 Spatial reference system used in a feature or feature collection 52 10 GML schema Geometric primitives 52 10.1 General concepts 52 10.2 Abstract geometric primitives . 58 10.3 Geometric primitives (0-dimensional) 59 BS EN ISO 1913
20、6:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reserved10.4 Geometric primitives (1-dimensional). 60 10.5 Geometric primitives (2-dimensional). 72 10.6 Geometric primitives (3-dimensional). 81 11 GML schema Geometric complex, geometric composites and geometric aggregates 83 11.1 Overview 83 11.2 Geo
21、metric complex and geometric composites 84 11.3 Geometric aggregates 86 12 GML schema Coordinate reference systems schemas 91 12.1 Overview 91 12.2 Reference systems . 93 12.3 Coordinate reference systems. 95 12.4 Coordinate systems 103 12.5 Datums . 110 12.6 Coordinate operations 117 13 GML schema
22、Topology 129 13.1 General concepts 129 13.2 Abstract topology . 130 13.3 Topological primitives 130 13.4 Topological collections 135 13.5 Topology complex 137 14 GML schema Temporal information and dynamic features. 139 14.1 General concepts 139 14.2 Temporal schema 140 14.3 Temporal topology schema
23、 . 148 14.4 Temporal reference systems . 151 14.5 Representing dynamic features. 158 15 GML schema Definitions and dictionaries. 162 15.1 Overview 162 15.2 Dictionary schema 162 16 GML schema Units, measures and values. 165 16.1 Introduction . 165 16.2 Units schema. 165 16.3 Measures schema . 171 16
24、.4 Value objects schema. 172 17 GML schema Directions. 179 17.1 Direction schema 179 17.2 direction, DirectionPropertyType 179 17.3 DirectionVectorType . 180 17.4 DirectionDescriptionType 180 18 GML schema Observations . 181 18.1 Observations . 181 18.2 Observation schema. 182 19 GML schema Coverage
25、s 185 19.1 The coverage model and representations 185 19.2 Grids schema. 188 19.3 Coverage schema . 191 20 Profiles . 205 20.1 Profiles of GML and application schemas 205 20.2 Definition of profile . 205 20.3 Relation to application schema . 205 20.4 Rules for elements and types in a profile. 206 20
26、.5 Rules for referencing GML profiles from application schemas . 207 20.6 Recommendations for application schemas using GML profiles 207 20.7 Summary of rules for GML profiles. 208 BS EN ISO 19136:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved v21 Rules for GML application schemas. 208 21.1 Inst
27、ances of GML objects 208 21.2 GML application schemas . 209 21.3 Schemas defining Features and Feature Collections. 212 21.4 Schemas defining spatial geometries 213 21.5 Schemas defining spatial topologies . 214 21.6 Schemas defining time. 215 21.7 Schemas defining coordinate reference systems. 215
28、21.8 Schemas defining coverages 216 21.9 Schemas defining observations 218 21.10 Schemas defining dictionaries and definitions . 219 21.11 Schemas defining values. 220 21.12 GML profiles of the GML schema 220 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites for GML application schemas, GML profiles and GML
29、documents. 223 Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite for software implementations 238 Annex C (informative) GML schema. 242 Annex D (normative) Implemented Profile of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and Extensions. 244 Annex E (normative) UML-to-GML application schema encoding rule
30、s 309 Annex F (normative) GML-to-UML application schema encoding rules 329 Annex G (informative) Guidelines for subsetting the GML schema . 339 Annex H (informative) Default styling 352 Annex I (informative) Backwards compatibility with earlier versions of GML. 363 Annex J (informative) Modularizati
31、on and dependencies 380 Bibliography . 382 Index 384 BS EN ISO 19136:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) vi ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International
32、Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, al
33、so take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committ
34、ees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the poss
35、ibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19136 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. The Geography Markup Language (GML) was
36、 originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC). ISO 19136 was prepared by ISO/TC 211 jointly with OGC. BS EN ISO 19136:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved viiIntroduction Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of
37、application schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information. The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. A feature is an “abstraction of real
38、world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is associated with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be thought of as a set of features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property may be thought of as
39、 a name, type, value triple. The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its type definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-valued. A feature collection is a collection of features that may itse
40、lf be regarded as a feature; as a consequence a feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in addition to the features it contains. Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an application schema
41、. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in two different and alternative ways: by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to both the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application
42、 schemas specified in this International Standard; by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this International Standard for creating a GML application schema directly in XML Schema. Both ways are supported by this International Standard. To ensure proper use of the conceptua
43、l modelling framework of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected to be modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the ISO 19100 series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas. GML s
44、pecifies XML encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These conceptual models include those defined in: ISO/TS 19103 Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basi
45、c types); ISO 19107 Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects); ISO 19108 Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects, temporal reference systems); ISO 19109 Rules for application schemas (features); ISO 19111 Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems); ISO 191
46、23 Schema for coverage geometry and functions. The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types specified in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every application schema were encoded independently and the e
47、ncoding process included the types from, for example, ISO 19108, then, BS EN ISO 19136:2009ISO 19136:2007(E) viii ISO 2007 All rights reservedwithout unambiguous and completely fixed encoding rules, the XML encodings would be different. Also, since every implementation platform has specific strength
48、s and weaknesses, it is helpful to standardize XML encodings for core geographic information concepts modelled in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and commonly used in application schemas. In many cases, the mapping from the conceptual classes is straightforward, while in some cases t
49、he mapping is more complex (a detailed description of the mapping is part of this International Standard). In addition, GML provides XML encodings for additional concepts not yet modelled in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards or the OpenGIS Abstract Specification, for example, dynamic features, simple observations or value objects. Predefined types of geographic feature in GML include coverages and simple observations. A coverage is a subtype of feature that has a coverage function with
