1、I ADAM OP EL Techn. Lieferbeding ungen Akt engecel I Schaft Werkstoff -Entwicklung Pr u fve rfa h ren I ., . , Ope1 107 Prfung von Gueiser mittels Gefgericht. reihen Mikroskopische s .- c Y 3 v) C O Y Y L - -z i m c 3 Y O - .- 3 c c a? Y L a MF fur Archiv Ia nein erle 1. 1.1 1.2 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1
2、 4.2 4.3 5. 5.1 Zweck und Anwendung Dieses Prfverfahren dient der mikroskopischen Beurteilung der Gefgeaus- bildung von Gueisen mit Lamellengrafit und von Gueisen mit Kugelgrafit. Die v-erschiedenen Gefgemerkmale werden durch Zuordnung ZU mglichst ber- einstimmenden Vergleichsbildern von Richtreihen
3、 beurteilt. =- Begriff Abhngig von den verschiedensten Einflssen bei der Herstellung und Weiter- behandlung van Guteilen, kann das Mikrogefge sehr unterschiedlich aus- gebildet sein. Grafitform,-gre und -anOrdnung und die verschiedenen Phasen der metallischei Grundmasse beeinflussen die Eigenschafte
4、n und die Verwendbarkeit der Guteile betrchtlich. =a-=- =- Probekrp; Aus den zu untersuchenden Prflingen werden an reprsentativen btw. vorge- schriebenen Stellen Probekrper entnommen. Die entnommenen Probekrper werden zu metallografischen Schliffen aufbereitet Es mu auf sorgfltiges Schleifen und Pol
5、ieren geachtet werden, damit die Grafitteilchen in ihrer wahren Form und Gre erscheinen. Die Schliffflche mu gengend gro sein, um das Mikrogefge wahrheitsgetreu wiederzugeben. -a- Prfgerate und Hilfsmittel Lichtmikroskop mit den Vergrerungen U = SO, 100, 200 und 500. Schliffhalter oder Einbettmassen
6、zum Einspannen oder Einbetten der Proben. Schleif- und Poliereinrichtungen sowie tzmittel, wie sie zur Herstellung metallografischer Schliffe blich sind. Richtreihen Reihe O: Richtreihe fr die Grafitform Die Richtreihe fr die Grafitform umfat 6 charakteristische Ausbildungs- formen, die mit den rmis
7、chen Ziffern I bis VI bezeichnet sind. Diese stellen die hauptschlichen Grafitformen dar, die im Gueisen vorkommen. -a- -= -I- 1) p=p= Opel Form. 66 174- 1 5 76 WO BEST HARDCOPY AVAILABLE 5.2 Richtreihen fr Gueisen mit Lamellenqrafit 5.2.1 j . - , I_ ., t , . , 9usfertigungs-Nr. : 1 Richtreihen fr G
8、ueisen Ope1 107 Anhang Reihe O: Grafitfo- - -V-=-l00 - _ Dotum : 8 179 Ausgefertigt :L. / Genehmigt. h9-U 1 *I Seite 5 von 16 S. Grafit - Richtreihen fr Gueisen mit Larnellenqrafit Ope1 107 Anhang - Reihe I: Grafitausbildunq Gre V = 100 - * 50 bis 100 2 12 bis 25 4 * Lnge der lngsten Lamelle in rnm
9、bei V = 100 h ,?I 1 Genehmigt: h(! I Seite 7 von 113 s kc Ausfertigungs-Nr. : I Datum: 8/79 Ope1 107 Anhang Noch Grafitausbidlunq / Gre V - 100 - -. 5 6 bis 12 * 6 * 1,5 bis 3 7 * Lnge der lngsten Lamelle in mm bei I = 100 I ,? iusfertigungs-Nr. : I Datum: 8/79 Genehmigt : Saite 8 von 16 S. - iI usf
10、srtigungs-Nr. : 1 Datum : I Genehmigtll(.n(+ I00 50 thru 100 25 thru 50 12 thru 25 6 thru 12 3 thru 6 1,5 thru 3 4 1,s I 0,5 thru I 0,25 thru 0,5 0,12 thru 0,25 0,06 thru 0,12 0,03 thru 0,06 0,015 thru 0,03 4 0,015 - Chari IIi pearlite-strictureclascification The structure of the pearlite step, depe
11、nding on the lamellae density shall be assigned within the 5 step scale from predominately very fine (sorbitic), ta _coarse laneliar pearlite. A magnification of at least X500 must be used because of the fine structures involved. - Chart I II : fe=rkt= ErggrLion This rating chart shall be used to es
12、timate the ferrite proportion, ex- pressed as a percentage per unit area of the base structure at X200 magnification. It covers 5 steps. - Ch: . 5.3 5.3.1 5.3,2 5.3.3 5.3.4 3. ;.i 5.2 Ratinq charts for nodular cast iron All rating charts for nodular cast iron are based on X 100 magnification. Chart
13、VI: sheroid forms- Graphite spheroids can uary between a regular, almost spherical form to oblong, and wormlike form (vermicular graphite). The predominant form shall be determined. - C h=rL XIL: ooti-o The proportion of the spheroid shaped graphite shall be estimated independently of the result of
14、the above determination of the spheroidal graphite form (chart VI). Char t V I I I : gber-oi-d-sizE The size of the spheroids is estimated using the same scale as that used for flake size determination (chart I). Since spheroids of sizes I and 2 hardly ever occur, this chart starts with size 3. - Ch
15、art IX: Lerrite - lktg yaqig This chart shall be used to estimate base structures of ferrite / pearlite. Other structures e.g. bainite, martensite, and austenite shall be described in writing. - - - Procedure The investigation of the graphite structure to rating charts I, VI, VI1 and VI11 shall be m
16、ade on unetched metallographic test pieces,all other characteristics shall be investigated on etched test pieces; In general etching with 2 to 5 % by weight alcoholic nitric acid is sufficient.Specifi1 etching may be necessary for certain characteristics (e.g. steadite or carbide). The complete surf
17、aceof the metallographic test piece shall be examined under the microscope, at the magnification specified for the respective rating chart. The check under the microscope can be made by direct observation through the ocular or by projection on the screen. The fild of view should have approximately t
18、he same size as that of the rating chart picture, The findings are compared with the respective rating chart pictures and assigned to corresponding pictures, =s= 1 Date of Issue I Date of Translation I Translation Approval : lihllL : I 8/79 I . Issue: 9/80 German Version : Opel 107 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.
19、4 3. 1. Evaluation A characteristic to be evaluated shall be described as follows: First name the roman number of the corresponding rating chart and then the arabic number of the comparison picture complying best with the test piece under the microscope. One excepeion is that to be observed for the
20、graphite structure determination in cast iron with flake graphite. It consists of three numbers in the following sequence: Rating chart number I, capital letter for the graphite type, number for the graphite size. Examp1e:If a cast iron test piece with flake graphite includes Uniformly distributed g
21、raphite with a maximum flake length ofml0mm (at X 100 magnifi- cation). The designation is as follows: =n=i= IA5 If a characteristic found lies between two pictures of the rating chart then an assignment to both of them shall be quoted, the prevalent share being under1 ined. ExampletIf the basic str
22、ucture of a cast iron test piece with flake graphite consists of approximately equal shares of sorbitic and fine lamellar pearlite, the designation is as follows: II 1/2 It may be written as follows if the fine lamellar pearlite predominates: II 1- Mixed structures are covered by designating both sh
23、ares separately (clause 7.1) and connecting them with a plus sign. ExampletIf uniformly distributed graphite type A, size 4 and dentritic graphite type E, size 7 are simultaneously present then the designation will be: IA4 + IE7 This kind of evaluation may analogously be used for all rating charts o
24、f this test method. Exefesslon-of-Resits - - The structure of cast iron shall be described referring to the rating charts and pictures of this test procedure. Example: “Structure to Opel 107 - gr ap hi te cl assi fica t i o n - IA4 pearlite classification - II2 ferrite proportion - III1 steadite net
25、work - IV2“ Deviations Deviations from the conditions of this test rnlthod shall have been agreed upon. These shall be specified in part drawings, material specifi- cations etc. and shall be indicated in all test certificates, reports etc. =P=t=I= 1*.4111. I Date o Ishim I Dare of Translation 1 Tran
26、slation Aooroval : 1 j . rat in Chart for Cast Iron - Ch=rL O:. 1 I 8. 71, w1) .- .-._.-._ ._ Ratinq Chart for Cast Iron with Spheroidal Graphite - C h=r& 1IL Ope1 107 Appendix Cpheroid-Proportion-F f 5 -0 s 9, 1 90 % Spheroidal 2 85 % Spheroidal I. 75 % Spheroidal 55 % Spheroidal . . % . 1 5 30 % Spheroidal 1 6 10 % Spheroidal i i I anslaticn Approval : Page 14 of 16 I.hllC : Date of Issue Date of Translation I Germen Version: 8/79 Issue: 9/80
