1、DOC 9 157-AN190 1 Comgendum (English only) 1/3/04 Transmittal Note AERODROME DESIGN MANUAL Part 4 Visual Aids Fourth Edition - 2004 CORRIGENDUM To incorporate this Corrigendum: a) replace existing page 11-1 1 with the attached new page annotated - 1/3/04. Corr. b) record this amendment on page (ii).
2、 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-International Civil Aviation OrganizationApproved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authorityAerodromeDesign Ma
3、nualFourth Edition 2004Doc 9157AN/901Part 4Visual AidsCopyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMENDMENTSThe issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Jou
4、rnal and in themonthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visualTraining Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space belowis provided to keep a record of such amendments.RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDAAMENDMENTS CORRIGENDANo.DateapplicableDateentered
5、Enteredby No.Dateof issueDateenteredEnteredby(ii)Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-(iii)FOREWORDProper design and installation of visual aids areprerequisites f
6、or the safety and regularity of civil aviation.Accordingly, this manual includes guidance on thecharacteristics of visual aids used at airports.The material included herein is closely associated withthe specifications contained in Annex 14 Aerodromes,Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations. The mai
7、npurpose of the manual is to assist States in the implemen-tation of these specifications and thereby help to ensuretheir uniform application.This fourth edition incorporates changes and additionsresulting from an overall review made by the Secretariat.The more important of these changes/additions a
8、re asfollows:a) the deletion of VASIS and 3-BAR VASIS asstandard visual approach slope indicator systems(Chapter 8);b) updated material on surface movement guidanceand control systems (Chapter 10);c) updated guidance material on signs (Chapter 11);d) updated material on visual docking guidancesystem
9、s (Chapter 12);e) guidance on marking and lighting of obstacles(Chapter 14);f) updated material on frangibility of visual aids(Chapter 15);g) guidance on the application of approach andrunway lighting systems (Chapter 16);h) guidance on maintenance of lighting performance(Chapter 17); andi) material
10、 on measurement of intensity for steadyburning and flashing lights (Chapter 18).It is intended that the manual be kept up to date. Futureeditions will be improved based on the work of the VisualAids Panel of ICAO as well as on experience gained andcomments and suggestions received from users of this
11、manual. Readers are therefore invited to give their views,comments and suggestions on this edition. These should bedirected to the Secretary General of ICAO.Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitte
12、d without license from IHS-,-,-(v)Table of ContentsPage PageChapter 1. Functional requirements of visual ground aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.2 Operational factors . . . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . 1-11.3 Operating requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-81.4 How visual aids and visual cuesserve pilots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-101.5 Designation of high-, medium- and low-intensity lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Chapter 2. Marki
14、ngs and markers . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.2 Additional marking of paved shoulders . . . 2-12.3 Apron markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.4 Taxiway edge markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11Chapter
15、3. Signal area and panels. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1Chapter 4. Light characteristics for and taxiways used in low visibility conditions . . . . . . . 4-14.1
16、 Factors determining required light distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.2 Flight path envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.3 Operational requirements and assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.4 Operating procedures in RVR less than 350 m. . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.5 Analysis of lighting design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.6 Lighting specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3Chapter 5. Light intensity settings. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1Chapter 6. Runway lead-in lighting system . . . . 6-1Chapter 7.
18、Circling guidance lights. . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.2 Lighting requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1Chapter 8. Visual approach slope indicator systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.1 Gener
19、al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.2 T-VASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.3 PAPI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12Chapter 9. Runway and taxiway lighting. . . . . . 9-19.1 Inset lights . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19.2 Taxiway edge lights “sea of blue” effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.3 Exit taxiway lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2Chapter 10. Surface movement guidance and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . 10-110.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-110.2 Operational requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-110.3 The role of visual aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-210.4 Visual aid components of an SMGC system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . 10-310.5 Implementation issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6Chapter 11. Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111
23、.3 Variable message signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-211.4 Mandatory instruction signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-311.5 Information signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-511.6 Sign location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-711.7 Sign evaluation . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-(vi) Aerodrome Design ManualPage PageChapter 12. Visual parking and docking guidance systems. .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.2 Aircraft stand manoeuvring guidance lights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.3 Visual docking guidance system. . . . . . . . . 12-1Chapter 13. Apron
26、 floodlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.3 Performance requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.4 Design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . 13-2Chapter 14. Marking and lighting of obstacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-114.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-114.2 Conspicuity enhancement techniques . . . . . 14-214.3 Marking . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-214.4 Lighting characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-314.5 Location of lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-614.6 Installation of high-intensity obstacle lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-814.7 Monitoring and maintena
29、nce. . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11Chapter 15. Frangibility of visual aids . . . . . . . . 15-115.1 What is frangibility? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-115.2 Obstacle to be made frangible . . . . . . . . . . 15-115.3 Visual aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2Chapter 1
30、6. Application of approach and runway lighting systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-116.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-116.2 Lighting system design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-116.3 Lighting for non-instrument and non-precision approach
31、runways. . . . . . . . . 16-216.4 Lighting for precision approach runways Category I, II and III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-216.5 Pattern variations and additions . . . . . . . . . 16-416.6 Reduction of lighting patterns. . . . . . . . . . . 16-416.7 Selection of lighting patterns . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . 16-5Chapter 17. Maintenance of lighting performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.2 The maintenance environment . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.3 Maintenance requirements . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . 17-117.4 Monitoring of light output . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-217.5 Demonstration of conformance. . . . . . . . . . 17-5Chapter 18. Measurement of the light intensity of steady burning and flashing lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-118.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-118.2 Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-118.3 Flashing lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4Appendix 1. The operational requirements of visual nose-in docking guidance systems . . . . . A1-1Appendix 2. The operation
35、al requirementsof visual parking guidance systems . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-1Appendix 3. Selection, application and removal of paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3-1Appendix 4. Procedures for developing light intensities for day conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . A4-1Appendix 5. Method used to develop the graphical presentations in Figures 5-1 to 5-3 . . . . A5-1Appendix 6. Eye-to-wheel and eye-to-aerial heights of aeroplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6-1Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under licen
37、se with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-1-1Chapter 1Functional Requirements of Visual Ground Aids1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to provide engineeringpersonnel with a general appreciation of the task of thepilot-in-command in rel
38、ation to the use of and relianceupon visual aids and visual cues in approaching, landingand operating on the airport surface. The informationprovided herein is for illustrative purposes only and is notnecessarily meant to imply ICAO approval or endorsementof the operational practices and procedures
39、described. Forcurrently approved detailed operational procedures andpractices, reference should be made to pertinent operationaland training documents.1.2 OPERATIONAL FACTORSThe pilots problem1.2.1 Human beings are two-dimensional animals.From the moment we first start to crawl, we interpret visualc
40、ues and use our sense of balance to travel over the surfaceof the earth. This long and gradual learning processcontinues as we later take charge of various types of mech-anical transport on land or water, by which time we haveyears of accumulated experience on which to draw. As soonas we take to the
41、 air we have a third dimension to copewith, and this means that all our years of experience insolving two-dimensional problems are no longer sufficient.1.2.2 There are two ways of controlling an aircraft inflight either manually or by means of the automatic pilot.The pilot can effect manual control
42、either by reference to theinstrument panel or by reference to visual cues in the outsideworld. The latter method presupposes adequate visibilityand a clearly defined horizon, which may be the actualhorizon or an apparent horizon perceived from gradients inthe texture or the detail on the earths surf
43、ace.1.2.3 Some of the most difficult tasks when flying anaircraft visually are judging the approach to a runway andthe subsequent landing manoeuvre. During the approach,not only must the speed be carefully controlled, but con-tinuous simultaneous corrections in all three dimensions arenecessary in o
44、rder to follow the correct flight path. For astraight-in approach, this may be defined as the intersectionof two planes at right angles, the vertical plane containingthe extended centre line of the runway and the other planecontaining the approach slope.1.2.4 Maintaining an accurate approach slope s
45、olelyby reference to a view of the outside world is often difficult.The task difficulty varies for each aircraft. Propeller-drivenaircraft have an almost instantaneous reaction to an increasein power; the faster airflow over the wings from thespeeded-up propellers provide an immediate increase in li
46、ft.The jet engine is not only slower to respond to an advancein throttle setting, but also has no direct effect on the airflowover the wing. Not until the whole mass of the aircraft hasbeen accelerated following an increase in thrust will anincrease in lift result. The conditions where a visualappro
47、ach slope indicator system shall be provided are listedin Annex 14, Volume I, 5.3.5.1.1.2.5 It is essential that aircraft cross the runwaythreshold with a safe margin of both height and speed. Inorder to effect a smooth touchdown, both the speed and therate of descent must be simultaneously reduced
48、in themanoeuvre known as the landing flare, so that the wheelstouch the runway just prior to or as the wing stalls.1.2.6 After touchdown, the pilot has a continuingrequirement for directional guidance to keep the aircraftalong or near the middle of the runway (at touchdownspeeds generally within a r
49、ange of 100 kt to 160 kt or185 km/h to 296 km/h). The pilot also needs informationfrom which an assessment can be made of the length ofrunway remaining and, once the aircraft has slowedsufficiently, advance warning of a suitable runway exit, itswidth clearly delineated where taxiway centre line lightingis not provided.1.2.7 Once clear of the runway, the pilot has to taxithe decidedly unwieldy vehicle along an often complicatedCopyright International Civil
