1、2010 年厦门大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、简答题1 What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?(10 points)2 What are the major external factors that affect the process of L2 learning?(10 points)3 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?(10 points)2010 年厦门大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确
2、答案】 In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air as is the case with consonants. Therefore, the description of the vowels cannot be done along the lines of the description of the consonants. To get out of this problem, vowels are normally described with reference to four basic criteri
3、a:(2 points)(1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low);(2points)(2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back);(2 points)(3)the tenseness or length of the vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short);(2 points)(4)lip-rounding(rounded vs. unrounded).(2 points)The external factors
4、that influence the acquisition of the second language mainly include the native language, input, social and situational factors.(1 point)The native language plays a primary role in SLA. Transfer, which is also termed cross-linguistic influence, is defined as “the influence resulting from similaritie
5、s and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired“. Transfer exists in the areas of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics and the lexicon.(3 points)Language input is the language addressed to the language leiarner by native speakers
6、 of the target language. Like transfer, language input is also a linguistic factor that influences the SLA process.(2 points)Social and situational factors may include a change in register or the familiarity of interlocutors. They are unique to each language learner.(1 point)The process of language
7、learning can be very stressful, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes from the surrounding society can be critical. One aspect that has received particular attention is the relationship of gender roles to language achievement. Studies across numerous cultures have shown that women, on the
8、 whole, enjoy an advantage over men. Some have proposed that this is linked to gender roles.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查元音描写的标准。发元音时没有类似发辅音时的气流受阻的现象，因此描写元音不能沿用辅音的描写方法。为了解决这个问题，通常依据以下几个原则对元音进行描写：舌抬起的高度(高、中、低)；舌最高部分的位置(前、央、后)；元音的长度或紧度( 紧一松或长一短)；唇的圆展度(圆唇一展唇)。2 【正确答案】 Community attitudes toward the language being
9、 learned can also have a profound impact on SLA. When the community has a broadly negative view of the target language and its speakers, or a negative view of its relation to them, learning will be typically much more difficult. A widely-cited example is the difficulty faced by Navajo children in le
10、arning English as a second language.(1 point)Other common social factors include the attitude of parents toward language study, and the nature of group dynamics in the language classroom. Additionally, early attitudes may strengthen motivation and facility with language in general, particularly with
11、 early exposure to the language.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查影响二语习得的外部因素。影响二语习得的因素可分为内因和外因两种。内因主要是学习者自身的因素，包括年龄(age)、语言能力(aptitude)、动机(motivation)、性格(personality)、认知类型(cognitive style)、学习策略(learning strategies)等等。外因主要是指环境因素，包括母语(native language)、输入(language input)、社会和情境因素 (social and situational factors)等等。3 【
12、正确答案】 “Synonymy“ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Dictionary makers(lexicographers)rely on the existence of synonymy for their definitions. Some semanticians maintain, however, that there are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exce
13、ption to differ from one another in one of the following aspects;(5 points)in shades of meaning(e. g. finish, complete, close, conclude, terminate, finalize, end, etc.); in stylistic meaning; in emotive meaning(or affective meaning); in range of use(or collocative meaning); in British and American E
14、nglish usagese. g. , autumn(BrE), fall(AmE).(5 points)【试题解析】 考查对英语中是否有真正的同义词的看法。事实上，完全的同义关系很少见，所谓的同义词都是依赖于语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。如在语境“Little Tom_a toy bear”小汤姆(买了)一只玩具熊中，“buy” 比“purchase”更合适，虽然它们是语体同义词，但 buy 更适合此处的语境。同义词也可能有不同的内涵，这就是为什么人们会开玩笑说“Im thriftyYou are economicalAnd he is stingy”(我很节约，你很经济，他很吝啬。)另外，同义词的不同之处还体现在方言的差异方面。“autumn”是英式英语，而“fall”是美式英语；英国人住“flats”，乘“underground”或“tube”去上班，而美国人住“apartments”，乘“subway”。此外还有搭配同义词、语义细微差别同义词。
