1、2011 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 back-formation2 interlanguage3 syllabus4 LAD二、简答题5 Explain and distinguish between linguistic competence and communicative competence.(15 points)6 Discuss and specify the Cooperative Principle.(15 points)7 Illustrate the fundamental differences, as widely belie
2、ved, between human language and other animals way of communication.(25 points)2011 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.【试题解析】 (考查逆构词法)2 【正确答案】
3、The concept of interlanguage was established as learners independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum among the target language and the learners native language. Its imperfect compared with the target language, but it is
4、not mere translation from the learners native language.【试题解析】 (考查中介语)3 【正确答案】 A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology.【试题解析】 (考查教学大纲)4 【正确答案】 Chomsky believes that l
5、anguage is innate, and that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device(LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning, and this kind of knowledge is universal. This approach is a reaction against behaviorism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making
6、 linguistics a branch of psychology. According to Chomsky, LAD consists of three elements; a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.【试题解析】 (考查乔姆斯基提出的语言习得机制)二、简答题5 【正确答案】 Noam Chomskys competence refers to grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing t
7、o do with the actual use of language in concrete situations. Although Chomskys “rule-governed creativity“ aptly describes a childs mushrooming grammar at the age of 3 or 4, it doesnt, according to Hymes, account sufficiently for the social and functional rules of language.(5 points)Hymes communicati
8、ve competence, then, is that aspect of competence that enables the speakers to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts. Communicative competence is relative, not absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved. Commun
9、icative competence includes not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use them at appropriate times. The basic idea of communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately, both receptively and productively, in real situations.(6 points)Communicative competence can be de
10、fined, in terms of three components. The first is grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and structures. The second is sociolinguistic competence, which enables the learner to know to speak properly according to the social context. The third is called strategic competence,
11、the ability to overcome potential communication problems in interaction.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查语言能力和交际能力的区别。能力这个概念最初是由乔姆斯基提出的。它指的是理想的语言使用者所具有的语法知识，与具体环境中语言的实际使用没有任何关系。交际能力则是由 DHHymes 提出的，有四个方面的内容：可能性、可行性、得体性、语言应用。Hymes 认为，学习者不仅要知道句子在语法上是合格的，而且要知道句子的含义是得体的。交际能力强调话语发生的语境。6 【正确答案】 This is the principle sug
12、gested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “ Make your conversational contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. “ There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, qua
13、ntity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.(5 points) The maxim of quantity;i. Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange);ii. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of quality; Try to make your c
14、ontribution one that is true. i. Do not say what you believe to be false;ii. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of relation; It means the utterance should be relevant. The maxim of manner; It means the utterance should be perspicuous, i. Avoid obscurity of expression; ii
15、 Avoid ambiguity;iii. Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity); iv. Be orderly.(8 points)The cooperative principle and its component maxims are not prescriptive, instead, they means to describe what actually happens in the real conversation.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查合作原则。合作原则是格赖斯在试图弄明白人们是怎样传达没有明确说出来的含义的过程中引人
16、的。简而言之，合作原则是：使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向。具体来说，合作原则有下面四条准则：数量准则、质量准则、关系准则、方式准则。这四条准则并非是规范性的，并不是在告诉说话人应该怎样做，而是意图描写会话中实际发生的事情。7 【正确答案】 1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language, i. e. human-specific,
17、vocal, arbitrary, symbolic and systematic.(3 points)2)Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the differences between human language and any system of animal communication.(2 points)They are:(1)Arbitrariness; This is a core feature of language, which means that t
18、here is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. This feature was first discussed by Saussure. There are different levels of arbitrariness; arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning; arbitrary at the syntactic level.(4 points)(2)Duality; It means the property o
19、f having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. At the lower or basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds o
20、f language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.(4 points)Many animals communicate with special calls, which have
21、 corresponding meanings. That is, the primary units have meanings but cannot be further divided into elements. So we say animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.(2 points)(3)Creativity; By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and it
22、s recursiveness. Because of duality, the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. Language is creative in another sense, that is, its potential to create endless sentences. That is to say, it makes p
23、ossible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(4 points)As we know, birds, bees, crabs, and most other creatures communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages.(1 point)(4)Displacement: By displacement it me
24、ans that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the intellectual bene
25、fits of displacement to us are that it makes it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.(4 points)On the other hand, most animals respond communicatively as soon as they are stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest, while human language is stimulus free.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查人类语言和动物交流系统的区别。语言是人类用以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义包含五个要素：人类、口头、任意、符号、系统。人类语言与动物的交流系统的不同之处在于它的一些本质特征。人类语言的区别性特征包括：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性，而动物的交流系统则不具备这些特征。
