1、2013 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might
2、 seem like a strength that【B1】_the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by【B2】_factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsoho speculated that an inability to consider the big【B3】_was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.【B4 】_, he theorized that a j
3、udge【B5】 _of appearing too soft【B6 】_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison【B7 】_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To【B8】_this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the【B9】_of an applicant shou
4、ld not depend on the few others【B10】_randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was【B11】_He studied the results of 9, 323 MBA interviews【 B12】_by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had【B13】_applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale【 B14】_numerous f
5、actors into consideration. The scores were【B15】_used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is【B16】_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous ca
6、ndidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0. 75 points or more higher than that of the one【B17】_that, then the score for the next applicant would【B18 】_by an average of 0. 075 points. This might sound small, but to【B19 】_the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points t
7、han would otherwise have been【B20】_.1 【B1 】（A）grants（B） submits（C） transmits（D）delivers2 【B2 】（A）minor（B） objective（C） crucial（D）external3 【B3 】（A）issue（B） vision（C） picture（D）moment4 【B4 】（A）For example（B） On average（C） In principle（D）Above all5 【B5 】（A）fond（B） fearful（C） capable（D）thoughtless6 【B6
8、 】（A）in（B） on（C） to（D）for7 【B7 】（A）if（B） until（C） though（D）unless8 【B8 】（A）promote（B） emphasize（C） share（D）test9 【B9 】（A）decision（B） quality（C） status（D）success10 【B10 】（A）chosen（B） studied（C） found（D）identified11 【B11 】（A）exceptional（B） defensible（C） replaceable（D）otherwise12 【B12 】（A）inspired（B） e
9、xpressed（C） conducted（D）secured13 【B13 】（A）assigned（B） rated（C） matched（D）arranged14 【B14 】（A）put（B） got（C） gave（D）took15 【B15 】（A）instead（B） then（C） ever（D）rather16 【B16 】（A）selected（B） passed（C） marked（D）introduced17 【B17 】（A）before（B） after（C） ab ove（D）below18 【B18 】（A）jump（B） float（C） drop（D）flu
10、ctuate19 【B19 】（A）achieve（B） undo（C） maintain（D）disregard20 【B20 】（A）promising（B） possible（C） necessary（D）helpfulPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada , Miranda P
11、riestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl dou
12、btless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clincs three-year indictment of “fast fashion“. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labe
13、ls such as Zara, H her example cant be knocked offThough several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21 Priestly criticizes her assistant for her（A）poor bar
14、gaining skill.（B） insensitivity to fashion.（C） obsession with high fashion.（D）lack of imagination.22 According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to（A）combat unnecessary waste.（B） shut out the feverish fashion world.（C） resist the influence of advertisements.（D）shop for their garments more
15、frequently.23 The word “indictment“(Line 2, Para. 2)is closest in meaning to（A）accusation.（B） enthusiasm.（C） indifference.（D）tolerance.24 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Vanity has more often been found in idealists.（B） The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainabili
16、ty.（C） People are more interested in unaffordable garments.（D）Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25 What is the subject of the text?（A）Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.（B） Challenge to a high-fashion myth.（C） Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.（D）Exposure of a mass-market secr
17、et.25 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wastedthe trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural“ ads at those mos
18、t likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information; Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Com
19、mission(FTC)proposed adding a “do not track“(DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ; Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertis
20、ing Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT s
21、ignal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gon
22、e it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method; there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the n
23、orm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control. “ Could it really be tha
24、t simple?26 It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural“ ads help advertisers to（A）ease competition among themselves.（B） lower their operational costs.（C） avoid complaints from consumers.（D）provide better online services.27 “The industry“(Line 4, Para. 3)refers to（A）online advertisers.（B） e-com
25、merce conductors.（C） digital information analysis.（D）internet browser developers.28 Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default（A）may cut the number of junk ads.（B） fails to affect the ad industry.（C） will not benefit consumers.（D）goes against human nature.29 Which of the following is true accor
26、ding to Paragraph 6?（A）DNT may not serve its intended purpose.（B） Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.（C） DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.（D）Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30 The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（A）indulgence.（
27、B） understanding.（C） appreciation.（D）skepticism.30 Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largelythough by no means uniformly glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now Utopia has gro
28、wn unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that m
29、any species have endured for millions of yearsso why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years(see “100,000 AD: Living in the deep future“). Look up Homo s
30、apiens in the IUCNs “Red List“ of threatened species, and you will read; “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline. “So what does our deep future hold? A growing numbe
31、r of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is
32、 a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, arc pulling the camer
33、a right back and asking what humanitys impact will be on the planetin the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazz
34、lingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can
35、say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This lon
36、g perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we arc now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of
37、 earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31 Our vision of the future used to be inspired by（A）our desire for areas of fulfillment.（B） our faith
38、 in science and technology.（C） our awareness of potential risks.（D）our belief in equal opportunity.32 The IUCNs “Red List“ suggests that human being is（A）a sustained species.（B） the worlds dominant power.（C） a threat to the environment.（D）a misplaced race.33 Which of the following is true according
39、to Paragraph 5?（A）Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.（B） Technology offers solutions to social problem.（C） The interest in science fiction is on the rise.（D）Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34 To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（A）explore our planets abundant re
40、sources.（B） adopt an optimistic view of the world.（C） draw on our experience from the past.（D）curb our ambition to reshape history.35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Uncertainty about Our Future.（B） Evolution of the Human Species.（C） The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankin
41、d.（D）Science, Technology and Humanity.35 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations ef
42、fort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles th
43、at Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization“ and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Robert
44、s and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the Congress had deliber-ately “occupied the field“ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would b
45、e allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objec
46、ting JusticesSamuel Alito and Clarence Thomasagreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the ali
47、en and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power“. The White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal
48、 statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent stat
49、es from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36 Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because they（A）deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.（B） disturbed the powe
