1、管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 3 及答案与解析一、Reading Comprehension0 Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nyes new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of Americas Na
2、tional Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power“, based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to “hard power“, based on coercion(强迫)and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now tur
3、ned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved.“ In short, hard p
4、ower is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and tradition
5、al hierarchies(等级制 )are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadersh
6、ip, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power“, is the best approach.The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “transformational leadership pattern“. Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but
7、 Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a parti
8、cular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the mora
9、l aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one
10、environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.1 From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavellis idea of hard power is_.（A）well accepted by Joseph Nye（B） very influential till nowadays（C） based
11、 on sound theories（D）contrary to that of modern leadership theories2 Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?（A）Coercion is widespread.（B） Morality is devalued.（C） Power is no longer concentrated.（D）Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.3 In his book The
12、Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_.（A）authority（B） context（C） approaches（D）morality4 Mr. Nyes book is particularly valuable in that it_.（A）makes little use of management terms（B） summarizes various studies concisely（C） serves as an exit for leadershi
13、p researches（D）sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders5 According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nyes book lies in his_.（A）view of changeable leadership（B） definition of good leadership（C） summary of leadership history（D）discussion of moral leadership5 Americans dont like to
14、 lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting warsthe kind that test patriotism and courageand those are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the constr
15、uction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flagwhen the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed
16、, if America is fighting at all, its fighting on the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the worlds greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesnt intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce
17、carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. Its hard
18、to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a countrys coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, theres far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offe
19、rs its plans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken Americans growth. But lets assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and th
20、at their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound ?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of
21、 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for f
22、uture generations. Money will do some of the work, but whats needed most is will. “Im not saying the challenge isnt almost overwhelming,“ says Fred Krupp. “But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before.“6 What does the passage mainly discuss?（A）Human wars.（B） Economic crisis.
23、（C） Americas environmental policies.（D）Global environment in general.7 From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a countrys coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is_.（A）of utmost importance（B） a fight no one can win（C） beyond people
24、s imagination（D）a less significant issue8 Judging from the context, the word “rub“(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_.（A）friction（B） contradiction（C） conflict（D）problem9 What is the authors attitude toward Americas policies on global warming?（A）Critical.（B） Indifferent.（C） Supportive.（D）Compromising.10
25、The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with_.（A）the new book written by Fred Krupp（B） how America can fight against global warming（C） the harmful effects of global warming（D）how America can tide over economic crisis10 Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw
26、a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boo
27、st from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭)was Start small, think big, and have fun,“ says MacDonald, 26, “ I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.“Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter i
28、s now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members
29、. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is
30、 not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrierwhat Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.“ That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can pric
31、e the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered“ because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads dont register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchan
32、ges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade“ trading partners for honesty quality and so on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange call
33、ed Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38, 000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.“ For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a r
34、ecapitalize past.11 The word “techies“(Line 4, Para. 1)probably refers to those who are_.（A）afraid of technology（B） skilled in technology（C） ignorant of technology（D）incompetent in technology12 Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they_.（A）were impressed by his creativity（B） were ea
35、ger to identify with his motto（C） liked his goal announced in advance（D）hoped to prove the power of the Internet13 The Internet barter system relies heavily on_.（A）the size of barter sites（B） the use of virtual currency（C） the quality of goods or services（D）the location of trading companies14 It is
36、implies that Internet advertisements can help_.（A）companies make more profit（B） companies do formal exchanges（C） media register in statistics（D）media grade barter sites15 Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?（A）It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.（B） It ai
37、ms to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.（C） It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.（D）It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.15 The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jerseys biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of
38、three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But
39、 the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarker to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a ple
40、dge of non-violence. They hope to get 50, 000 to promise to “stop shootin, start thinkin, and keep livin.“ The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视)system tailored towards gun crime. Cory Booke
41、r who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area whe
42、re 80% of the citys recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later thi
43、s week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty almost one in three people lives below the poverty line and growing indifference to crime.Some are skep
44、tical. Steven Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has b
45、een a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%. Mr. Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30%(though the murder
46、 rate looks likely to match last years high).16 What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?（A）The Newark residents witnessed a murder.（B） Four young people were killed in a school playground.（C） The new mayor of Newark took office.（D）Four college students fell victim to violence.17 Judging fr
47、om the context, the “Community Eye“(Line 6, Para. 2)is_.（A）a watching system for gun crime（B） a neighborhood protection organization（C） an unprofitable community business（D）a grassroots organization18 We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_.（A）violence（B） flood（C
48、） poverty（D）indifference19 Mayor Bookers effort against crime seem to be_.（A）idealistic（B） impractical（C） effective（D）fruitless20 The best title for the passage may be_.（A）Stop Shootin, Start Thinkin, and Keep Livin（B） Efforts to Fight against Gun Crimes（C） A Mission to Revitalize the City（D）Violent
49、 Murders in Newark20 According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship o
