1、考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 17 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The topic of virtual violence in video games resulting in real life aggression has long been controversialand many courts have tested the limits of the
2、“video games made me do it“ defense. Now a new study published this week in the March issue of the Psychological Bulletin adds to the debate with findings suggesting that, while exposure to violence in video games may not have huge consequences, they have very real implications. In a review of 130 s
3、tudies including more than 130,000 subjects, researchers found that, regardless of age group, gender or culture, violent video games increased the likelihood of aggression and decreased empathy in kids.The studies, whose subjects ranged from elementary school students to college undergraduates, were
4、 conducted in the U.S., Europe and Japan and included both genders. Lead author, Craig Anderson, a psychology professor and director of the Center for the Study of Violence at Iowa State University, argues that these findings indicate that exposure to virtual brutality increases the likelihood of ag
5、gressive behavior, both in the short- and long-term.Anderson believes that this latest research, adding to earlier inquiries, points to the need to move beyond the question of whether or not exposure to virtual violence can have negative consequences. Now, he says, it is time to work toward creating
6、 public policies and promoting in-home approaches that will better enable parents to cultivate environments for children that incorporate video games as a healthy component. Speaking with USA Today he pointed out that: “The rating itself does not tell you whether it is a healthy or unhealthy game. A
7、ny game that involves killing or harming another character in order to advance is likely to be teaching inappropriate lessons to whoever is playing it.“An accompanying critique of the research, written by Christopher Ferguson, an associate professor at Texas A&M International University, suggested t
8、hat Anderson and colleagues findings overestimated the influence of video games. Ferguson pointed to his own research published earlier in the Journal of Pediatrics indicating that “delinquent peer influences, anti-social personality traits, depression, and parents/ guardians who use psychological a
9、buse“ were strong risk factors for aggressive and violent behavior in youths, while things like neighborhood quality, parents domestic violence and violent video games “were not predictive of youth violence and aggression“.Anderson responded to the critique by acknowledging that the effect of video
10、games on risk for later aggression was small and the aggression risk posed by video game violence should certainly be considered within the context of other risk factors. But, he also argued, exposure to video game violence is one risk factor for aggression that parents can readily do something abou
11、t.1 The causal relation between virtual video games and real aggression has been _.（A）universally acknowledged（B） widely debated since long（C） confirmed by a recent study（D）challenged only recently2 The results of Craig Andersons study shows that playing violent video games _.（A）mainly affects non-a
12、dults aggressive behaviors（B） is very popular in developed countries（C） leads to aggressive behaviors in real life（D）raises the possibility of real violence3 According to Anderson, what should be our present task about video games?（A）To point out their negative consequences.（B） To abandon researches
13、 on their negative consequences.（C） To create good public and domestic environments.（D）To forbid incorporating them as a healthy component.4 According to Paragraph 4, Christopher Ferguson believes that_.（A）Anderson exaggerates violent video games effect（B） guardians physical abuse is a risk factor f
14、or youth violence（C） youths behavior may be affected by their neighbors（D）the risk of video games must be considered with other factors5 Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?（A）Real Violence as A Result of Virtual Brutality （B） Negative Effects of Violent Video Gam
15、es（C） Video Games: A Risk Factor for Aggression（D）Pros and Cons of Video Games5 The usual arguments for adding women directors are that diverse boards are more creative and innovative, less inclined to “groupthink“ and likely to be more independent from senior management. Numerous studies show that
16、high proportions of women directors coincide with superior corporate performance. But there is little academically accepted evidence of a causal relationship. It may be that thriving firms allow themselves the luxury of attending to social issues such as board diversity, whereas poorly performing on
17、es batten down the hatches.Women do seem to be particularly effective board members at companies where things are going wrong. A 2008 paper on the impact of female directors by Renee Adams and Daniel Ferreira of the University of Queensland and the London School of Economics found that bosses of Ame
18、rican firms whose shares perform poorly are more likely to be fired if the firm has a relatively high number of women directors. On average, however, the paper concluded that firms perform worse as the proportion of women on the board increases. There is certainly no shortage of companies capable of
19、 producing outstanding results with few or no women on the board.Nor is there any doubt that in many cases low female representation also reflects a lack of meritocracy (rule by merit) in corporate culture. In France, for instance, interlocking board memberships are common. Women, and many other des
20、erving businesspeople, are excluded from the system.But what most prevents women from reaching the boardroom, say bosses and headhunters, is lack of hands-on experience of a firms core business. Too many women go into functional roles such as accounting, marketing or human resources early in their c
21、areers rather than staying in the mainstream, driving profits. Getting men to show up at every board meetingan effect of having more women on boardsis all very well, but what firms really need is savvy business advice. Yet according to EPWN, the pipeline of female executives is “almost empty“: women
22、 occupy only 3% of executive roles on boards, compared with 12% of non-executive ones.That suggests that the best way to increase the number of women on boards is to ensure that more women gain the right experience further down the corporate hierarchy. That may be a slower process than imposing a qu
23、ota, but it is also likely to be a more meaningful and effective one.6 The reason why diverse board is closely linked with thriving company is probably that _.（A）women contribute more to the board than men（B） only successful firms can afford a diverse board（C） diverse boards are academically accepte
24、d（D）diverse boards are more creative and innovative7 A 2008 paper on the impact of female directors suggests that_.（A）women directors are not beneficial to business performance（B） the proportion of women on the board remains stable（C） American bosses will be fired if the firm shares perform poorly（D
25、）companies are likely to produce bad results without women directors8 By citing the example of French business, the author intends to show that _.（A）women are not qualified for applying for the interlocking board membership（B） male elite domination is common and justifiable in todays business world（
26、C） the absence of women on boards shows a lack of cultural belief called meritocracy（D）the reason why women cant reach the boardroom is lack of management experience9 According to Paragraph 4, women are difficult to become board directors in that they_.（A）cant produce more profits for the company（B）
27、 have less experience of a firms core business（C） can get male directors to show up at board meetings（D）are afraid of the fierce business competitions 10 According to EPWN, the best way to increase the number of female board directors is to _.（A）break down the corporate hierarchy（B） impose a gender
28、percentage that favors women（C） slow the process of promotion of female executives（D）equip potential female candidates with core experience10 When you get interrupted in the middle of something, it can be hard to regain your train of thought, which can be annoying. But when youre interrupted while m
29、easuring medication for patients, the consequences can be more serious. A new study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine finds that, perhaps unsurprisingly, when interrupted while dosing out medication, nurses are more likely to make mistakes.Researchers at the University of Sydney studied
30、 98 nurses while they prepared and administered medications to more than 4,000 patients in almost 1.5 years. For a total of 505 hours during this period, investigators noted any interruptions that nurses encountered while dealing with medication, and also tracked two types of mistakes: procedural, w
31、hich included things like not reading medication labels or failing to fully read a patient chart, and clinical, which included actually giving patients the wrong dose or wrong medication.For all administrations of medication studied, researchers noted that nurses were interrupted more than half the
32、time (53%), and researchers noted procedural errors in nearly three quarters (74.4%) of administrations, and clinical errors in a quarter of all cases. The study authors also point out that the risk for major errors increased significantly the more when nurses were interrupted and that with no inter
33、ruptions, the risk for a serious mistake was 2.3%.While its understandable that some interruptions will, of necessity, take place during a nurses work day, the authors suggest that such high levels of interruption and the resulting increase in errors associated with them point to a need for efforts
34、to better enable nurses to focus on the task at hand. They write: “The converging evidence of the high rate of interruptions occurring during medication preparation and administration adds impetus to the need to develop and implement strategies to improve communication practices and to reduce unnece
35、ssary interruptions within ward environments.“To that end, they suggest that simple measures such as installing white boards in hospital wards to prominently display commonly needed information or having nurses wear special “do not interrupt“ vests while preparing or giving patients medication, coul
36、d go some distance toward minimizing mistakes. They also suggest that reconsidering how the physical space of a hospital ward is organized could play a role in reducing errors. Whatever the potential solution, the authors say that this is indeed a problem, and one that requires additional research t
37、o solve.11 According to the first paragraph, when interrupted nurses become _.（A）mistake-free（B） less skilled（C） more error-prone（D）very annoyed12 It can be learned that the research at the University of Sydney _.（A）covered over 4,000 subjects（B） lasted one year and a half（C） only focused on procedu
38、ral errors（D）studied nurses and patients13 The word “impetus“ (Line 5, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to _.（A）impulse（B） weight（C） impact（D）conviction14 It is implied in Paragraph 4 that interruptions are _.（A）unavoidable for a nurse at work（B） to blame for most medical accidents（C） supposed to be e
39、liminated from hospitals（D）necessary outside ward environments15 The measures to reduce interruptions in hospitals include _.（A）making nurses wear uniform vests（B） narrowing the space of hospital wards（C） keeping some distance from the patients（D）providing more access to information15 That a lack of
40、 wealth all too often translates into poor health may seem painfully obvious. But now a review of health inequalities in England reveals that such inequalities dont just disadvantage the least well-off. The review also suggests some strategies to tackle the inequalities. These remedies should apply
41、the world over, including in the US, where health and wealth inequalities can be especially severe.Commissioned by the UK government, the review was headed by Michael Marmot of University College London. Marmot, in his latest work, uses census data from across England to show that these health inequ
42、alities dont just exist between the richest and the poorest. He says action to reduce health inequalities should take place right across society, not focus solely on the poor. “Its not rich versus poor, because its a social grade,“ he says. Whats more, the most productive time to intervene to create
43、 a healthier society is childhood, Marmot says. That children who start out with well-off, well-educated parents are likely to be healthier would seem to be something of a no-brainer. But the fates of 17,200 UK babies monitored since they were born in the same week in April 1970, and highlighted in
44、Marmots review, make compelling evidence.It turns out that babies who had low IQs at 22 months and were born to richer, better educated parents caught up by the age of 6 with children who started with high IQs but whose parents were poorer and less educated. “It shows that the social is exceeding th
45、e biological,“ says Marmot. “We can change that, and thats why Im optimistic.“ He also finds that children in poorer families miss out on pre-school reading, socialising and physical exercise. This disadvantage leaves them trailing far behind when they start school and they seldom recover.Such inequ
46、alities are not confined to the UK. A US report in April 2009 concluded that interventions most likely to improve the health of all Americans were “programs that promote early childhood development and that support children and families“. A report from Brazil recommended prioritising “actions relate
47、d to health promotion of children and adolescents“. “We look forward to assessing how to adapt the policy recommendations for England to the rest of the world,“ says Rudiger Krech, director of the WHOs department of ethics, equity, trade and human rights. He agrees that giving every child the best s
48、tart in life “is critical in setting the foundation for a lifetime of health and successful contribution to society“.What can be done to ensure this? One option is to extend maternity or paternity leave. Another is to help struggling parents by providing extra services and information.16 According t
49、o Paragraph 2, Marmot believes the best time to combat health inequalities is _.（A）during pregnancy（B） at 22 months（C） during childhood（D）before age 617 The assumption that well-off parents tend to have healthier kids seems _.（A）obvious（B） senseless（C） ridiculous（D）thoughtful18 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that a persons IQ is_.（A）fixed when he is at 22 months（B） decided by his parents social status（C） a product of family influences（D）affected by his growth environment19 Reports from Ame
