1、考研英语模拟试卷 310 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Few scientific fields are as full of risk as that of research into human intelligence. The two questions that【1】 over and over again
2、are “is it a result of nature or nurture?“ and “does race make a difference?“ Making【2】comments about the second question can be a【3】move, as James Watson, a co-discoverer of DNA structure, recently found. He suggested that he was “【 4】 about the prospect of Africa“【5】“all our social policies are ba
3、sed on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours (white people) 【6】all the testing says not really“. Such【7】are not merely【8】, they are scientifically weird. If the term race has any useful scientific meaning, then Africa, the continent where modern【9】began, is most racially diverse. The
4、resulting【10】forced Dr Watson to leave his laboratory. 【11】, the study of【12】between intelligence and genetics has some wiser practitioners. One of them, Terrie Moffitt, of Kings College, has just【13】a project【14】the relative importance of nature and nurture. Dr Moffitts team【15】the effect on intell
5、igence of breastfeeding, but in a genetic context. Previous studies have shown that breastfed children are more intelligent,【16】about six IQ points, than those given baby formulas. The team, however,【17 】the involvement of a gene called FADS2, which comes in two varieties, known as C and G. The rese
6、archers【18】if these two varieties【19 】differently with breast milk.【20】on data two groups of people, they found that the intelligence increase associated with breastfeeding only happened to people having inherited at least one copy of the C variety. The effect did not depend on the social classes or
7、 IQs of the parents.（A）happen（B） rise（C） arise（D）arouse（A）prompt（B） hasty（C） general（D）stupid（A）career-killing（B） career-facilitating（C） time-consuming（D）energy-saving（A）gloomy（B） optimistic（C） concerned（D）alarmed（A）therefore（B） because（C） so（D）but（A）however（B） whereas（C） since（D）as（A）polices（B） tes
8、ts（C） remarks（D）questions（A）offensive（B） confusing（C） promising（D）objective（A）civilization（B） culture（C） society（D）humanity（A）finding（B） uproar（C） complexity（D）puzzlement（A）Fortunately（B） Particularly（C） Furthermore（D）Indeed（A）relationships（B） differences（C） links（D）contradictions（A）sponsored（B） rec
9、ommended（C） criticized（D）supervised（A）concluding（B） investigating（C） judging（D）emphasizing（A）had（B） examined（C） discovered（D）suggested（A）with（B） at（C） to（D）by（A）suspected（B） doubted（C） disapproved（D）challenged（A）questioned（B） wondered（C） noted（D）found（A）combined（B） contradicted（C） reacted（D）interact
10、ed（A）Deciding（B） Acting（C） Drawing（D）ArrivingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Suddenly, the economics of American suburban life are under assault as skyrocketing energy prices inflate the costs of reaching,
11、heating and cooling homes on the distant edges of metropolitan areas. Just off Singing Hills Road, in one of hundreds of two-story homes dotting a former cattle ranch beyond the southern fringes of Denver, Phil Boyle and his family openly wonder if they will have to move close to town to get some re
12、lief. They still revel in the space and quiet that has drawn a steady exodus from American cities toward places like this for more than half a century. But life on the edges of suburbia is beginning to feel untenable. Mr. Boyle and his wife must drive nearly an hour to their jobs in the high-tech co
13、rridor of southern Denver. With gasoline at more than $ 4 a gallon, Mr. Boyle recently paid $121 to fill his pickup truck with diesel fuel. In March, the last time he filled his propane tank to heat his spacious house, he paid $ 566, more than twice the price of 5 years ago. Though Mr. Boyle finds c
14、ity life unappealing, it is now up for reconsideration. “Living closer in, in a smaller space, where you dont have that commute,“ he said, “Its definitely something we talk about. Before it waswe spend too much time driving. Now, its we spend too much time and money driving. “ Across the nation, the
15、 realization is taking hold that rising energy prices are less a momentary blip than a change with lasting consequences. The shift to costlier fuel is threatening to slow the decades-old migration away from cities, while exacerbating the housing downturn by diminishing the appeal of larger homes set
16、 far from urban jobs. In Atlanta, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Minneapolis, homes beyond the urban core have been falling in value faster than those within, according to an analysis by Moodys Economy. com. In Denver, housing prices in the urban core rose steadily from 2003 until late last year co
17、mpared with previous years, before dipping nearly 5 percent in the last three months of last year, according to Economy. com. But house prices in the suburbs began falling earlier, in the middle of 2006, and then accelerated, dropping by 7 percent during the last three months of the year from a year
18、 earlier. Many factors have propelled the unraveling of American real estate, from the mortgage crisis to a staggering excess of home construction. But economists and real estate agents are growing convinced that the rising cost of energy is now a primary factor pushing home prices down in the subur
19、bs. More than three-fourths of prospective home buyers are now more inclined to live in an urban area because of fuel prices, according to a recent survey of 903 real estate agents with Coldwell Banker, the national brokerage firm.21 From the first two paragraphs we can learn that_.（A）soaring energy
20、 prices caused inflation in America（B） rising energy prices are threatening Phils cattle business（C） jumping fuel prices make suburban life costlier（D）shooting fuel costs make urban life unappealing22 By saying “Now, its we spend too much time and money driving.“ (Line 3, Paragraph 3), Phil implies_
21、.（A）driving is not only time-costing but luxurious（B） it could be time-saving to live in smaller places（C） costlier fuel leads to more expensive commutation（D）driving to a remote city is costly and unappealing23 What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?（A）People would reject suburban housing beca
22、use of costlier fuel.（B） With ever-increasing fuel prices, suburban houses would devalue for a long time.（C） Being far from suburbs diminishes the appeal of downtown houses.（D）House prices will drop continuously because of fuel shortage.24 The key factor contributing to the downturn of American subu
23、rban real estate is_.（A）crisis of loan（B） excessive home construction（C） buyers inclination to live in an urban area（D）the constant rise of fuel prices25 According to the text, which of the following statements is true?（A）Fuel prices shift math for life in far suburbs.（B） Energy crisis hit American
24、real estate.（C） Better life is not available in suburbia any more.（D）More buyers prefer urban houses for job opportunities.25 For years, smokers have been exhorted to take the initiative and quit: use a nicotine patch, chew nicotine gum, take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line
25、, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themse
26、lves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit. The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971
27、 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends. It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, t
28、hey saw what they said was a striking effectsmokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on
29、 your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said,“Whole constellations are blinking off at once. “ As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with
30、 fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers.“ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he said,“But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away
31、. “ “There is an essential public health message,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior,“ Mr. Suzman said. “But a social environmen
32、t,“ he added, “can just overpower free will. “ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Sehroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk of the marginalization of smokin
33、g is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smokingpersons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both. “26 Which of the following statements is true according to the opening paragraph?（A）Smokers have been prevented from quit smoking for years.（B） It is
34、 rare that smokers make a decision to quit.（C） It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups.（D）Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.27 The word “en masse“ (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_.（A）at large（B） all together（C） in the end（D）respectively28 By saying “but n
35、ow they ve become wallflowers“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler intends to show that_.（A）those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking（B） those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups（C） those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties（D）smoking
36、 in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and society alike29 What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（A）Social responsibility is widely-acknowledged.（B） Smokers ignoring social environment are self-centered.（C） Going on smoking is wrong-headed.（D）Social influence on smoking is double-
37、edged.30 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking（B） How to Quit Smoking Efficiently（C） Ripple Effect within Social Networks（D）Marginalization of Smoking Is Dangerous30 Largely for “spiritual reasons“, Nancy Manos started home-schooling her
38、 children five years ago and has studiously avoided public schools ever since. Yet last week, she was enthusiastically enrolling her 8-year-old daughter, Olivia, in sign language and modern dance classes at Eagleridge Enrichmenta program run by the Mesa, Ariz. , public schools and taught by district
39、 teachers. Manos still wants to handle the basics, but likes that Eagleridge offers the extras, “things I couldnt teach. “ One doubt, though, lingers in her mind. why would the public school system want to offer home-school families anything? A big part of the answer is economics. The number of home
40、-schooled kids nationwide has risen to as many as 1.9 million from an estimated 345,000 in 1994, and school districts that get state and local dollars per child are beginning to suffer. In Maricopa County, which includes Mesa, the number of home-schooled kids has more than doubled during that period
41、 to 7,526, at about $ 4,500 a child, thats nearly $ 34 million a year in lost revenue. Not everyones happy with these innovations. Some states have taken the opposite tack. Like about half the states, West Virginia refuses to allow home-schooled kids to play public-school sports. And in Arizona, som
42、e complain that their tax dollars are being used to create programs for families who, essentially, eschew participation in public life. “That makes my teeth grit,“ says Daphne Atkeson, whose 10-year-old son attends public school in Paradise Valley. Even some committed home-schoolers question the new
43、 programs, given their central irony., they turn home-schoolers into public-school students, says Bob Parsons, president of the Alaska Private and Home Educators Association. “Weve lost about one third of our members to those programs. Theyre so enticing. “ Mesa started Eagleridge four years ago, wh
44、en it saw how much money it was losing from home schoolersand how unprepared some students were when they re-entered the schools. Since it began, the programs enrollment has nearly doubled to 397, and last year the district moved Eagleridge to a strip mall (between a pizza joint and a laser-tag arca
45、de). Parents typically drop off their kids once a week; because most of the children qualify as quarter-time students, the district collects $ 911 per child. “Its like getting a taste of what real school is like,“ says 10-year-old Chad Lucas, whos learning computer animation and creative writing. Ot
46、her school districts are also experimenting with novel ways to court home schoolers. The town of Galena, Alaska, (pop. 600) has just 178 students. But in 1997, its school administrators figured they could reach beyond their borders. Under the program, the district gives home-schooling families free
47、computers and Internet service for correspondence classes. In return, the district gets $ 3,100 per student enrolled in the program$ 9.6 million a year, which it has used partly for a new vocational school. Such alternatives just might appeal to other districts. Ernest Felty, head of Hardin County s
48、chools in southern Illinois, has 10 home-schooled pupils. That may not sound like much except that he has a staff of 68, and at $ 4,500 a child, “thats probably a teachers salary,“ Fehy says. With the right robotics or art class, though, he could take the home out of home schooling.31 In the opening
49、 paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_.（A）posing a contrast（B） justifying an assumption（C） explaining a phenomenon（D）making a comparison32 The public school system wants to offer home-school families something, because_.（A）it does not want to lose much money from the increasing home-schoolers（B） home-schoolers have some difficulty in getting some particular knowledge（C） home-schoolers are eager to have a taste of what a real school is like（D）it has the responsibility to help the home-schoolers33 The statem
