1、考研英语模拟试卷 332（无答案）一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The Euro skeptics contend that the risks of monetary union far outweigh any advantages it may bring. Since exchange rates can (1)_ be u
2、sed to offset the strains of different economic conditions prevailing in various member countries, growth and employment problems are inevitable, they say. The resulting political pressures will (2)_ to demands for large intra-union (3)_ payments. And (4)_ political resistance to such payments is in
3、evitable, skeptics regard the EMU as a (5)_ to further European integration.The (6)_ of the EMU is groundless. The countries that will soon formally renounce the right to adjust their nominal exchange rates are not (7)_ up anything they have not already voluntarily surrendered as part of preparation
4、s for monetary union. In the past years not one of the 11 founding members of EMU has (8)_ in order to enhance its (9)_. What better proof of the determination and (10)_ of the European countries to form an economic and monetary union?The claims by Euro skeptics that the (11)_ to EMU membership have
5、 sacrificed growth and employment in order to fulfill the convergence criteria dont hold water.(12)_, government spending of over 50 percent of GDP and taxes and social (13)_ contributions of over 40 percent were clear (14)_ that many countries had widely (15)_ from being market economies. True, the
6、 plan for monetary union (16)_ countries to get their public finances in (17)_. But such reformsto put fiscal and social policies on a healthy, economic footing would have been indispensable anyway.Only with a common currency will the EUs single market develop its full dynamic potential. The euro wi
7、ll make pricing more transparent, (18)_ in greater competition and, (19)_, stronger growth. The days will be over (20)_, for want of competition, Europes economies became rigid and inflexible.（A）on no account（B） no longer（C） without exception（D）in vain（A）point（B） come（C） amount（D）lead（A）balance（B） s
8、train（C） transfer（D）pension（A）before（B） since（C） unless（D）although（A）return（B） response（C） threat（D）comfort（A）praise（B） criticism（C） esteem（D）scorn（A）giving（B） making（C） picking（D）working（A）derived（B） degraded（C） declined（D）devalued（A）efficiency（B） availability（C） exposure（D）competitiveness（A）capabi
9、lity（B） capacity（C） ability（D）faculty（A）opponents（B） aspirants（C） candidates（D）rivals（A）Actually（B） For instance（C） Theoretically（D）Even so（A）advantage（B） profit（C） benefit（D）interest（A）evidence（B） incidence（C） inference（D）insurance（A）separated（B） radiated（C） scattered（D）diverged（A）confined（B） subje
10、cted（C） forced（D）drew（A）figure（B） pattern（C） form（D）shape（A）differing（B） resulting（C） bringing（D）driving（A）hence（B） though（C） instead（D）anyway（A）where（B） when（C） what（D）unlessPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21
11、 Is the literary critic like the poet, responding creatively, intuitively, subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience? Or is the critic more like a scientist, following a series of demonstrable, verifiable steps, using an objective method of analysis?For the woman who
12、is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will provoke special risks whichever side of the issue it fa
13、vors. If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientifica valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can performthe definition not only makes the critic-as-artist approach impossible, but may also hinder accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives
14、 of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive, privileged as art, then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think, and will
15、be dismissed by much of the academic establishment. Because of these prejudices, women who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical, to be objective, or to think critically. Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist,
16、 women run different professional risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense.These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academ
17、ic power struggle, in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important
18、influence against sexism in our society.As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as “masculine“ and an intuitive approach as “feminine“, the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical course between the two. If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist cr
19、iticism, she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate dista
20、nce.21 Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the text?（A）How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used（B） Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics（C） A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism（D）Literary Criticism: Art or Science22 According
21、 to the author, the debate has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism because _.（A）women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those faced by men who are literary critics.（B） there are large numbers of capable women working w
22、ithin the academic establishment.（C） there are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment.（D）like other critics, most women who are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic.23 The author specifically mentions all of the following
23、as difficulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the _.（A）tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women.（B） limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific.（C） li
24、kelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics.（D）tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility.24 It can be inferred that the author would define as “pol
25、itical“ (Line 1, Para.3) the questions that _.（A）cannot be resolved without extensive debate.（B） are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract analysis.（C） are contested largely through contention over power.（D）will be debated by both men and women.25 Which of the following is most likely to
26、 be one of the “utilitarian political objectives“ mentioned by the author?（A）To forge a new theory of literary criticism.（B） To pursue truth in a disinterested manner.（C） To demonstrate that women are interested in literary criticism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively.（D）To convin
27、ce the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities.26 Dietary studies have suggested that people who consume large amounts of vitamin A in foods, multi vitamins, or both are more likely to suffer hip fractures than are people who ingest modest
28、 amounts.New evidence bolsters these findings. Researchers have now correlated mens blood concentrations of vitamin A with a later incidence of broken bones: a comparison that avoids the vagaries that plague diet-recall studies.Taken together, the new work and the diet studies raise knotty questions
29、 about the maximum amount of vitamin A that a person can safely ingest each day, says study coauthor Karl Michasson, an orthopedic surgeon at University Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden. He and his colleagues report the new findings in Jan. 23 New England Journal of Medicine.In the United States, the ave
30、rage daily intake of vitamin A through food, specially fish, eggs, and meat, is roughly 2,600 IU (international units) for men, and many multi-vitamins contain 5,000 IU. The US Institute of Medicine recommends that people get 2,300 to 3,000 IU of vitamin A each day and sets the safe upper limit arou
31、nd 10,000 IU.“I believe tiffs upper level should be lowered,“ Michasson says. When he and his colleagues gave the men dietary questionnaires, they learned that men ingesting as little as 5,000 IU of vitamin A per day were more prone to fractures than were men getting less. Manufacturers should lower
32、 the amount of vitamin A in multi-vitamin tablets and fortified foods, such as cereals, says Michasson.The new study began in the early 1970s when researchers stored blood samples from 2,047 men about 50 years old. Since then, 266 of the men have had at least one bone fracture. After dividing the me
33、n into five equal groups according to their blood vitamin A concentrations, the researchers found that men in the top group were nearly twice as likely as those in the middle group to have broken a bone. The correlation was particularly strong with fractures of the hip.“I think its pretty conclusive
34、 now that theres a bad effect of vitamin A supplementation,“ says Margo A. Denke, an endocrinologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Elderly people may be at special risk because theyre slow to clear the vitamin from their bodies. Studies of animals have established
35、 that excess vitamin A stimulates the formation of cells that dissolve bone.However, since some vitamin A is necessary to maintain good eyesight and general health, Denke and Michasson agree that fully fortified foods and supplements should remain available in countries where poor nutrition puts peo
36、ple at risk of a vitamin A deficiency.26 We can learn from the text that（A）a man taking large amounts of vitamin A will suffer hip fractures.（B） the maximum of vitamin A a man takes every day should be within 3,000 IU.（C） the more a man consumes vitamin A every day, the higher chance he suffers hip
37、fracture.（D）the less a man consumes vitamin A every day, the higher chance he stands of good health.27 The word “bolsters“(Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means（A）hinders.（B） negates.（C） supports.（D）switches.28 Michasson may NOT support the idea to（A）lower the recommended safe upper limit of vita
38、min A amount.（B） produce vitamin A supplement pills with less vitamin A in them.（C） prevent people from eating cereals in their everyday meals.（D）lower the amount of vitamin A in fortified food and supplements.29 High concentration of vitamin A may lead to fracture because（A）elderly people are slow
39、in digesting vitamin A.（B） the absorption of excessive vitamin A makes people near-sighted.（C） it helps produce cells that weaken the bones of human beings,（D）vitamin A stays in human body for a long timid.30 The passage is mainly about（A）the harmful effect of vitamin A.（B） vitamin A and fractures.（
40、C） vitamin A and human health.（D）vitamin A deficiency.31 When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state court
41、s have awarded an average of $2m in such cases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $104,000 a year to protect themselves.The insurance industry
42、 is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitors editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has erod
43、ed the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust.A few doctorsparticularly older ones will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rate
44、s are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious.Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a
45、Patients Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors $40m of state funds to off
46、set their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double dipping that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer.But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argu
47、es that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr. Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding
48、 scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns.Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report cla
49、imed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.31 It is implied in the first sentence that doctors in Philadelphia _.（A）are over-confident of their social connections in daily life.（B） benefit a lot from their malpractice insurance premiums.（C） are more likely to be sued for their medical-malpractice.（D）pay less than is required by law to protect themselves.32 At the time when
