1、考研英语模拟试卷 338 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 An expression used by Americans for about 100 years is“to pass the buck“. It means refusing to take responsibility, letting others de
2、cide and act for【C1】_.President Gerald Ford dramatized the phrase after【C2】_Richard Nixons place in the White House. Ford announced in a special television broadcast that he had decided to【C3 】_Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President. Ford said such a decision had to be【C4】_by him al
3、one, that he could not let others do it for him. “The buck stops here, “said Ford.He remembered another【C5】_Harry S. Trumanwho made that expression【C6】_more than 25 years ago. Truman had a sign on his desk which said; “The buck stops here. “The message was dear;【 C7】_the President of the United Stat
4、es could not act and make the final decision on important national matters, who【C8】_could? A president who refused take the responsibility and “passed the buck“ to someone else would【C9】_find himself in serious trouble.Where did the expression come from? It seems to have come from the【C10】_game of p
5、oker where the players, one after the other, mix and pass out the cards.The phrase seems to have come to【C11】_in the gambling houses of the West. There, a silver dollar was put in【C12】_of a player to show that he would be the next dealer to pass out the cards. A dollar, silver or paper, was called a
6、“buck“. It still is.【C13】_, nobody seems to know.Forceful leaders,【C14 】 _, make decisions, take risks and responsibility. The risks can be great. Every choice at times may lead to【C15】_. In a military leader it may be defeat and ruin, in business, financial failure, loss of a job.Therefore, it is e
7、asier to pass the【C16】_and let others take the risks. Nobody, however, likes a man who passes the buck. He is soon found out and【C17】_an unpleasant name-buck-passer.Nevertheless, buck-passers are found among us everywhere.【C18】_, the most famous buck-passer in history has been the devil. That is the
8、 picture we get of him from the ancient myths. The only time he seems to have acted for himself【C19】_when he rebelled and tried to seize Gods throne. But God threw him out. Since then, he has spent most of his energy in【C20】_the buck, letting others do his work for him.1 【C1 】（A）you（B） someone（C） us
9、（D）none2 【C2 】（A）replacing（B） seizing（C） taking（D）substituting3 【C3 】（A）charge（B） ignore（C） suspect（D）pardon4 【C4 】（A）obeyed（B） made（C） introduced（D）decided5 【C5 】（A）President（B） American（C） politician（D）person6 【C6 】（A）known as（B） world-shaking（C） reasonable（D）famous7 【C7 】（A）if（B） now that（C） beca
10、use（D）while8 【C8 】（A）indeed（B） just（C） else（D）as yet9 【C9 】（A）later（B） soon（C） naturally（D）somehow10 【C10 】（A）chess（B） card（C） pupils（D）paper11 【C11 】（A）operation（B） service（C） life（D）effect12 【C12 】（A）front（B） honor（C） place（D）charge13 【C13 】（A）Then（B） Why（C） Therefore（D）Yet14 【C14 】（A）possible（B）
11、for instance（C） in short（D）of course15 【C15 】（A）risk（B） opposition（C） disaster（D）solution16 【C16 】（A）effort（B） responsibility（C） survey（D）thread17 【C17 】（A）experiences（B） qualified（C） distributed（D）given18 【C18 】（A）But（B） Actually（C） Perhaps（D）In time19 【C19 】（A）was（B） is（C） about（D）lies in20 【C20 】
12、（A）presenting（B） losing（C） ending（D）passingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 For the past 250 years, politicians and hard-headed men of business have diligently ignored what economics, has to say about the ga
13、ins from trademuch as they may pretend, or in some cases even believe, that they are paying close attention. Except for those on the hard left, politicians of every ideological stripe these days swear their allegiance to the basic principle of free trade. Businessmen say the same. So when either gro
14、up issues its calls for barriers against foreign competition, it is never because free trade is wrong in principle, it is because foreigners are cheating somehow, rendering the principles void. Or else it is because something about the way the world works has changed, so that the basic principles, e
15、ver valid in themselves, need to be adjusted. And those adjustments, of course, then oblige these staunch defenders of free-trade-in-principle to call for all manners of restrictions on trade.In this way, protectionism is periodically refreshed and reinvented. Anti-trade sentiment, especially in the
16、 United States, is currently becoming one of its strongest revivals in years. Earlier bogus “new conditions“ that were deemed to undermine the orthodox case for liberal trade included the growth of crossborder capital flows, the recognition that some industries exposed to foreign competition may hav
17、e strategic significance for the wider economy, and concerns over exploitation of workers in developing countries. Todays bogus new condition, which is proving far more potent in political terms than any of the others, is the fact that international competition is now impinging on industries previou
18、sly sheltered from it by the constraints of technology and geography.It is no longer just manufacturing that is feeling the pressure of toreign competition. It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs that are moving offshore. Jobs in services are now migrating as well, some of them requiring advanc
19、ed skills, notably in computer programming. Services constitute much the larger part of every advanced economy. At the end of this process, what will be left? Gosh, Adam Smith never thought of this. Trade policy needs to be, completely rethought. Well, actually , no Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the P
20、residents Council of Economic Advisers , pointed out recently that if services can be sourced more cheaply overseas than at home, it is to Americas advantage to seize that opportunity. This simple restatement of the logic of liberal trade brought derision down on Mr. Mankiws headand the supposedly p
21、ro-trade administration he works for conspicuously failed to defend the plain truth he had advanced. That was disturbing.The fact that foreign competition now impinges on services as well as manufacturing raises no new issues of principle whatever. If a car can be made more cheaply in Mexico, it sho
22、uld be. If a telephone enquiry can be processed more cheaply in India, it should be. All such transactions raise real incomes on both sides, as resources are advantageously redeployed, with added investment and growth in the exporting country, and lower prices in the importing country. Yes, trade is
23、 a positive-sum game. (Adam Smith did think of that.)21 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _.（A）America has a fine history of showing respect to free trade（B） many businessmen and politicians will abandon free trade for their own benefits（C） the hard left politicians in America are rea
24、l firm advocates of free trade principle（D）businessmen and politicians in America seldom agree with each other in terms of trade22 What seems to be the cause of periodical refreshments of protectionism?（A）The periodical nature of the economic cycle.（B） The constant fluctuation of interest rate.（C） T
25、he instability in foreign exchange rate.（D）The inconsistency of businessmen and politicians.23 According to the text, which sector has NOT been threatened by free trade principles?（A）The automobile industry.（B） The low-skill jobs.（C） The advanced-skill service.（D）The high tech industry.24 “That was
26、disturbing“ in Paragraph 4 refers to the fact that _.（A）the presidents economic advisers chairman could not find out the true value of free trade（B） Mankiw knows too little the present economic situation in America to offer wise advice（C） simple and logical truth is defeated by the ignorant business
27、 and political circle（D）the administration Mankiw works for failed to defend for him25 The authors attitude towards trade protectionism is obviously _.（A）supportive（B） cynical（C） critical（D）enthusiastic26 Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in Am
28、erica, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity ha
29、s grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has in creased by about 2% a year, which are more than twice the 1978-1987 averages. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual reboun
30、d that occurs at the point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by th
31、e statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, Which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology,
32、 and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.
33、 First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it wag well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes
34、, says that much “reengineering“ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficie
35、nt thought to long-term profitability. B.B.D.O.s A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish“the worst sort of ambulance cashing.“26 According to the author, the American economic situation is _.（A）not as good as it seems（B） at its turning
36、point（C） much better than it seems（D）near to complete recovery27 The official statistics on productivity growth _.（A）exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle（B） fall short of businessmens anticipation（C） meet the expectation of business people（D）fail to reflect the true state of economy28 The a
37、uthor raises the question “what about pain without gain“ because _.（A）he questions the truth of “no gain without pain“（B） he does not think the productivity revolution works（C） he wonders if the official statistics are misleading（D）he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses29 Which of
38、the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?（A）Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.（B） New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.（C） The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.（D）The consultants are a bun
39、ch of good for nothing.30 The 1978-1987 averages of productivity are less than _.（A）1%（B） 2%（C） 1.5%（D）4%31 Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-
40、century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states “invest“ in institutions of learning to get back “interest“ in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is
41、punctuated by textbooksthose purchasable wells of wisdomwhat would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on “facts an
42、d figures“ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of “college“ imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call sava
43、ges all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the “equal start“ which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitiv
44、e cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding on all. There are no “illiterates“if the term can be applied to peoples without a scriptwhile our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1976, and is sti
45、ll non-existent in a number of “civilized“ nations. This shows how long it was before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the “happy few“ during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. Al
46、l are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry that, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no “juvenile delinquency“. No necessi
47、ty of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to “buy“ an education for his child.Notes:juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪31 The word “interest“ in the first paragraph most probably means（A）pleasure.（B） returns.（C） share.（D）knowledge.32 A
48、ccording to the text, the author seems to be（A）against the education in the very early historic times.（B） in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures.（C） positive about our present educational instruction.（D）quite happy to see an equal start for everyone.33 It can be inferred from the
49、 text that（A）some families now can hardly afford to send their children to school.（B） everyone today has an equal opportunity in education.（C） every country invests heavily in education.（D）we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not.34 According to the text, which of the following statements is true?（A）One without education today has few opportunities.（B） We have not yet decided on our educational models,（C） Compul
