1、考研英语模拟试卷 345 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good (1)_ depends, of course, on the meaning of“ future“. If one is thinking
2、in (2)_ of science fiction and the space age (3)_ at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction have (4)_ the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every (5)_ device to make life smooth, healthy and easy,
3、 (6)_ not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of.The problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that (7)_ something is done either to restrict the worlds rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sour
4、ces of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or, (8)_, suffering from under feeding before this (9)_ is out. But nobody has worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worse situations will occur in the (10)_ parts of the world, where housing ca
5、n be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are (11)_ low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of (12)_ kind, and in the crowded, bulging towns the low-standard“ housing“ of flattened petrol mans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful (13)_ ground space than can be toler
6、ated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to (14)_ in many other places during the next generation. (15)_ millions of refugees arrived to (16)_ the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken to prevent squalor and disease and the (17)_ of crime
7、. Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not (18)_ a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are (19)_ problems of education, transport, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to (20)_ and t
8、he search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.（A）transaction（B） deal（C） definition（D）assumption（A）reference（B） respect（C） terms（D）consequence（A）he is（B） one is（C） it is（D）we are（A）conveyed（B） conceived（C） deduced（D）formulated（A）conceptual（B） considerate（C） conceivable（D）
9、complimentary（A）if（B） but（C） yet（D）although（A）only if（B） even if（C） in case（D）unless（A）for the better（B） in the least（C） at the most（D）at the best（A）age（B） resource（C） century（D）problem（A）hottest（B） coldest（C） poorest（D）richest（A）customarily（B） habitually（C） conventionally（D）traditionally（A）every（B）
10、 some（C） this（D）certain（A）of（B） on（C） for（D）with（A）rise（B） raise（C） arise（D）arouse（A）Precisely（B） Numerically（C） Literally（D）Previously（A）swell（B） diverge（C） inflate（D）delete（A）extension（B） disposal（C） spread（D）expansion（A）likely（B） certainly（C） merely（D）necessarily（A）accompanying（B） associating（C）
11、escorting（D）attaching（A）stretch out（B） stick to（C） take in（D）draw uponPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 A few milliamps of electricity can cause plants to increase synthesis of chemicals. These compounds ofte
12、n also have a pharmacological (related to medicine) or commercial value, so the trick could be used to help increase yields of commercially useful biologicals. Artemisinic acid, from sweet wormwood, for example, is used in malarial medications, and shikonin (紫草素), from the purple gromwell plant, is
13、used against skin infections. Researchers have long known that stressing plants can force them to take defensive action, often ramping up the production of protective chemicals that, for example, make them more resistant to insect attack. It has become common practice to stress such plants into incr
14、easing their yields. This is usually clone using physical stress elicitors (诱导子), including bits of the micro-organisms that normally attack the plants, or irritants made from metallic compounds such as copper chloride. These are effective, but they come at a cost. Most elicitors are toxic to plants
15、 and can build up in tissues, making it necessary to occasionally “clean“ a plant of the chemicals so they keep having the same effect. Recently, research groups at the University of Arizona in Tucson found that the application of an electric current to the hairy roots of the poisonous herb Hyoscyam
16、us muticus stimulated the production of the herbs toxin hyoscyamine (天仙子胺). This unpublished finding inspired Hans Van Etten, also of the University of Arizona, and his colleagues to test sub-lethal levels of electrical currents on other plants, to assess electricitys potential to elevate chemical p
17、roduction. The researchers exposed eight different plant species (ranging from Japanese pagoda tree seedlings to pea plants) to weak electrical currents of 30 milliamps. Seven of the plants increased their production o defensive chemicals. The average boost of chemical production was 20 times, they
18、report in Biotechnology Progress. One plant, a type of alfalfa, increased its chemical yield by 168 times. These values are very similar to those achieved using chemical elicitors, and seem to have no lethal effects-just a negative effect on growth. The treatment can be used over and over again with
19、out the build-up of any unwanted material. The useful compounds would be very easy to harvest: they simply pour out into solution if the plants are grown hydroponically. “The fact that we can use electricity instead of toxic materials to elicit chemical production is very exciting because it means w
20、e get to look at how these chemicals form without having to constantly add and remove toxins from the system,“ says Van Etten. “This is a really novel and creative approach that Ive never seen before,“ says plant metabolic engineer Fabricio Medina Bolivar from Arkansas State University in Jonesboro.
21、 “The possibilities for using electricity with plants in this way are absolutely tremendous. “21 Electricity acting on plants can be used to _.（A）take precautions against skin infections（B） increase production of useful biologicals（C） increase pharmacological and commercial value（D）make plants more
22、resistant to attack 22 The traditional ways of increasing the yields of chemical do NOT include _.（A）being attacked by micro-organisms（B） using physical stress elicitors（C） applying copper chloride（D）employing electrical currents on plants 23 Which one of the followings is NOT the advantage of using
23、 electricity?（A）It can achieve the same values as using chemical elicitors.（B） It can be used time and again.（C） It can boost chemical production.（D）It has no adverse impacts on the growth of plants. 24 The views of Fabricio and Van Etten towards the way of using electricity to elicit chemical produ
24、ction are _.（A）different（B） opposite（C） similar（D）complementary 25 What is the main idea of the passage?（A）Reactions to the electric stress lead to more chemical yields.（B） Yields of commercially useful biologicals are increased.（C） Using electricity to elicit chemical production is very exciting.（D
25、）Using electricity has a negative effect on plant growth. 26 “Worse than useless,“ fumed Darrell Issa, a Republican congressman from California, on March 19th, when the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the Immigration and Naturalization Service. “Terrible, and getting worse,“ added Zoe Lo
26、fgren, a Demo critic colleague who has kept a watchful eye on the INS for ten years.Committee members lined up to take swings at James Ziglar, the head of the INS. He explained, somewhat pathetically, that “outdated procedures“ had kept the visa-processing wheels grinding slowly through a backlog of
27、 applications. He also had some new rules in mind to tighten up visas. Speeding up the paperworkand getting more of it on to computersis vital, but the September 11th attacks have exposed the tension between the agencys two jobs: on the one hand enforcing the security of Americas borders, on the oth
28、er granting privileges such as work permits to foreigners.But other people want more radical changes. James Sensenbrenner, a Republican congressman from Wisconsin, wants to split the INS into two separate bodies, one dealing with border security and the other with handling benefits to immigrants. Th
29、e other approach, favored in the White House, is to treat the two functions as complementary, and to give the INS even more responsibility for security. Under that plan, the INS would merge with the Customs Service, which monitors the 20m shipments of goods brought into America every year, as well a
30、s the bags carried in by some 500m visitors. The two agencies would form one large body within the Department of Justice, the current home of the INS. This would cut out some of the duplicated effort at borders, where customs officers and agents from the INSs Border Patrol often rub shoulders but do
31、 not work together.Mr. Bushwho has said that the news of the visa approvals left him “plenty hot“was expected to give his approval. The senate, however, may not be quite so keen. The Justice Department could have trouble handling such a merger, let alone taking on the considerable economic responsib
32、ilities of the Customs Service, which is currently part of the Treasury.The senate prefers yet another set of security recommendations, including links between the databases of different agencies that hold security and immigration information, and scanners at ports of entry to check biometric data r
33、ecorded on immigration documents. These ideas are embodied in a bill sponsored by members of both parties, but are currently held up by Robert Byrd, the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, who worries that there has not been enough debate on the subject. Mr. Ziglar, poor chap, may feel
34、there has been more than enough.26 We can learn from the first paragraph that INS _.（A）will be subjected to strong criticisms.（B） has become the public laughing stock.（C） will take up economic responsibilities.（D）has won the support from Mr. Bush.27 Besides dealing with border security, INS also _.（
35、A）keeps a watchful eye on itself.（B） grants.privileges to immigrants.（C） monitors shipments of goods.（D）takes advantage of computers.28 The chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee will leave the issue of INS unsettled because _.（A）the exclusive responsibility of INS is for border security.（B
36、） he figured out some new rules in mind to tight up visas.（C） sufficient debate is anxiously required for a final solution.（D）most congressmen hold unfavorable opinions on INS.29 Suggestions have been raised on the issue of INS except _.（A）charges launched against its head.（B） its merging with the C
37、ustoms Service.（C） other security recommendations.（D）its separation into two bodies.30 Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?（A）A Redundant Agency to be Split.（B） Upset with the INS?No.（C） Merging INS with Customs?（D）Inept INSunder Fire.30 More surprising, perhaps, than the
38、 current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: Relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, aster a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the U
39、nited States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context: some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage remains, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society.What has changed more than marriage is the n
40、uclear family. Twenty-five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wifes previ
41、ous marriage, or the husbands, or both. Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses.Thus, one can find the very type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with chi
42、ldren from only the present marriage; marriages with “full-time“ children from the present marriage and “part-time“ children from former marriages. There are step-fathers, step-mothers, half-brothers, and half-sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparent
43、s! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, there remains one constant: Most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.31 By calling Americans marrying people the author means that_.（A）Americans are more traditional than Euro
44、peans（B） Americans expect more out of marriage than Europeans（C） there are more married couples in U. S. A than in Europe（D）more of Americans, as compared with Europeans, prefer marriage and they accept it at a younger age 32 Divorced Americans_.（A）will most likely remarry（B） prefer the way they liv
45、e（C） have lost faith in marriage（D）are the vast majority of people in the society 33 Which of the following can be presented as the picture of todays American families?（A）A typical American family consists of only a husband and a wife.（B） Many types of family arrangements have become socially accept
46、able.（C） Americans prefer to have more kids than before.（D）There are no nuclear families any more. 34 “Part-time“ children_.（A）spend some of their time with their half-brothers and some of their time with their half-sisters（B） spend all of their time with one parent from the previous marriage（C） are
47、 shared between the two former spouses（D）cannot stay with “full-time“ children 35 Even though great changes have taken place in the structure of American families, _.（A）the functions of marriage remain unchanged（B） most Americans prefer a second marriage（C） the vast majority of Americans still have
48、faith in marriage（D）all of the above 36 According to studies cited by the National Eating Disorders Association, 42 percent of girls in first through third grade want to be thinner, 81 percent of 10-year-olds are afraid of being fat, and 51 percent of 9-and 10-year-old girls feel better about themse
49、lves if they are on a diet.In many ways, this fixation on weight at ever earlier ages comes at an inopportune time physiologically. At a recent Hadassah meeting at the Woodlands Community Temple in White Plains, Dr. Maxcie Schneider, the director of adolescent medicine at Greenwich Hospital, and Erica Leon, a registered dietitian, spoke about early adolescence as a time when a little bit of pudginess is necessary for proper growth, a
