1、考研英语模拟试卷 349 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The (1)_ of the fluorescent tube (2)_ a major revolution in the development of better and cheaper lighting. First shown at the New Yo
2、rk and San Francisco World (3)_ in 1939, this more efficient, more diffuse, longer-lived lamp has been (4)_ improved, so that slowly it (5)_ the supremacy of the incandescent household globe. The fluorescent tube (6)_ Australian homes, shops and factories today is seven or eight times (7)_ the tubes
3、 that brought shadow-free lighting to many of Britains wartime factories. Its (8)_ too, is much greaterfrom 2,000 hours in 1940 to mc/re than 7, 500 hours today.But (9)_ its (10)_ use for more than 30 years, the fluorescent tube remains a(11)_ to many of its users. It is built (12)_ a completely dif
4、ferent (13)_ from the incandescent light. In the incandescent bulb, a tungsten wire (14)_ than a human hair, is brought to white-hot temperature by passing an electric (15)_ through it. In the fluorescent tube a stream of electrons bombards a gas containing mercury, (16)_ invisible ultraviolet radia
5、tion. The ultraviolet rays hit the fluorescent coating that (17)_ the tube, (18)_ it to grow. A 40 watt fluorescent tube gives twice as much light as a 100.watt tungsten globe, (19)_ about five times as long, and runs cool enough to (20)_ higher levels of light.（A）discovery（B） invention（C） conventio
6、n（D）creation（A）brought in（B） brought for（C） brought about（D）brought around（A）Markets（B） Affairs（C） Centers（D）Fairs（A）constantly（B） consistently（C） permanently（D）instantly（A）changes（B） gains（C） challenges（D）lunges（A）lighting（B） lighted（C） lit（D）lightening（A）more efficient as（B） so efficient than（C） s
7、o efficient as（D）as efficient as（A）lifeline（B） lifework（C） lifespan（D）lifeguard（A）despite（B） besides（C） except（D）owing to（A）long（B） extensive（C） exquisite（D）extreme（A）myth（B） legend（C） secret（D）mystery（A）on（B） by（C） with（D）from（A）basis（B） principle（C） idea（D）thesis（A）nicer（B） thinner（C） finer（D）bett
8、er（A）current（B） stream（C） flow（D）flight（A）leading to（B） resulting from（C） resulting in（D）bringing in（A）lines（B） darkens（C） protects（D）brightens（A）making（B） makes（C） causes（D）causing（A）survives（B） remains（C） lasts（D）continues（A）allow（B） permit（C） reject（D）absorbPart ADirections: Read the following fo
9、ur texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure or even kill children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars so a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.Kristy Arbogast, a
10、 bioengineer at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal(腹 部的) injuries in children in the past 30 years showing that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. “The task was to identify how the injuries
11、 occurred and come up with some countermeasures,“ she says.By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injures. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obst
12、acle at a slow speed, causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degreesbut their momentum (冲力) forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen.The
13、solution the group came up with is a handgrip (握柄) fitted with a spring and damping(缓冲的 )system. The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group hopes to commercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike.
14、 “But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturer were unaware of the problem,“ says Arbogast.The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.21 A
15、ccording to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because_.（A）they are not noble enough（B） they may kill children（C） they are likely to crash（D）they make the bike move at a low speed22 In Paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries_.（A）to discuss
16、 how abdominal injuries in children occur（B） to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents（C） to point out what the countermeasures can be（D）to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project23 Paragraph 3 mainly discusses_.（A）why the children and their parents were intervie
17、wed（B） when the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees（C） what causes the children to topple over（D）how serious injuries occur24 The new handgrip works in which of the following Ways?（A）It call be commercialized.（B） It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents.（C） It adds a few doll
18、ars to the cost of a bike.（D）It changes the direction of the handlebars in all impact.25 The passage implies that_.（A）it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design（B） the team of engineers has not found any countermeasures（C） children like to ride bicycles at a very low speed（D）a
19、lot of children were killed in bicycle accidents in the past 30 years25 A. Main Results of Recent Researches.B. Popular Doubt about the New View.C. Effect of Environment on Intelligence.D. Intelligence and Achievement.E. Impact on School Education.F. A Changed View of Intelligence.G. Interaction bet
20、ween gene and environment.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value, therefore, was as a predictor of childrens future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to
21、 learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age. And at 11 these tests
22、were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.41. _Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubts on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intellige
23、nce itself. There is considerable evidence now shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that
24、of their more fortunate classmates.42. _There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence(习得智力). Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe a
25、nd measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researchers have been investigating what happens in this interaction.43. _Two major findings have emerged from
26、these researches. Firstly, the greatest part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are l
27、anguage and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged“ and “disadvantaged“ children may be due to the latters lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.44. _These research f
28、indings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them i
29、s learning how to learn.45. _The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given t
30、he label “low IQ“ which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not societys eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.31 Only two animals have entered the human household otherw
31、ise than as prisoners and become domesticated by other means than those of enforced servilities: the dog and the cat. Two things they have in common, namely, that both belong to the order of carnivores and both serve man in their capacity of hunters.In all other characteristics, above all in the man
32、ner of their association with man, they are as different as the night from the day. There is no domestic animal which has so rapidly altered its whole way of living, indeed its whole sphere of interests, that has become domestic in so true a sense as the dog; and there is no animal that, in the cour
33、se of its century old association with man, has altered so little as the cat. There is some truth in the assertion that the cat, with the exception of a few luxury breeds, such as Angoras, Persians and Siamese, is no domestic animal but a completely wild being. Maintaining its full independence it h
34、as taken up its abode in the houses and outhouses of man, for the simple reason that there are more mice theyre than elsewhere: The whole charm of the dog lies in the depth of the friendship and the strength of the spiritual ties with which he has bound himself to man, but the appeal of the cat lies
35、 in the very fact that she has formed no close bond with him, that she has the uncompromising independence of a tiger or a leopard while she is hunting in his stables and barns; that she still remain mysterious and remote when she is rubbing herself gently against the legs of her mistress or purring
36、 contentedly in front of the fire.The purring cat is, for me, a symbol of the heart side and the hidden security, which it stands for. I should no more like to be without a cat, in my home than to be without the dog that trots behind me in field or street, since my earliest youth I have always had d
37、ogs and cats about me. Business like friends have advised me to write a dog book and a cat book separately, because dog lovers often dislike cats and cat lovers frequently abhor dogs. But I consider, it the finest test of genuine love and understanding of animals if a person has sympathies for both
38、these creatures, and can appreciate in each its own special virtue.31 Cats, according to the author, _.（A）are not domestic animals at all（B） are fiercer than dogs（C） are both meek and independent（D）can sometimes be very hostile to people32 Dogs and cats are similar in that _.（A）people can use them f
39、or hunting（B） they are associated with man closely（C） they have the same way of living（D）they are equally liked by people33 We can infer from the passage that the author _.（A）prefers dogs to cats（B） prefers cats to dogs（C） likes dogs as well as cats（D）likes neither dogs nor cats34 The passage conclu
40、des that _.（A）dogs are more domesticated than cats（B） dogs are more lovable animals than cats（C） though different, dogs and cats have their charms（D）both dogs and cats can be kept as pets in one house35 The author wants to write _.（A）a clog book（B） a cat book（C） a dog and cat book（D）a dog and a cat
41、book36 Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom. Only a few elements are suitable for use in this way, the most important ones being Uranium-235, Uranium-233, and Plutonium-239. When a nucleus of one of these elements is struck by a free neutron it breaks down into two lighter nucl
42、ei which fly apart at high speed, colliding with surrounding atoms. Their kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. At the same time, two or three free neutrons are released and one of them enters the nucleus of a neighbouring atom, causing fission to occur again; and so on. The reaction spreads
43、 very quickly, with more and more heat energy released. This is called a “chain“ reaction because the splitting of each nucleus is linked to another, and another and another.If this reaction takes place in an atomic bomb, where nothing is done to slow it down, the result is a violent explosion that
44、can destroy a town in a few seconds. Fission can also, however, take place within a construction called a nuclear reactor, or atomic pile. Here the highly fissile material (U-235, U-233, Pu-239) is surrounded by a substance that is non-fissile, for instance graphite. This material is called a modera
45、tor. The neutrons lose some of their energy and speed through colliding with the atoms of the moderator. Energyheat energyis still created on an enormous scale, but no expansion takes place. The moderator has another function: by slowing down the speed of the free neutrons, it makes it more likely t
46、hat one of them will collide with the nucleus of a neighbouring atom to continue the chain reaction.The chief advantage of nuclear energy is that it does not depend on any local factors. A nuclear reactor, unlike an oil-well or a coalmine, does not have to be sited on top of a fossil-fuel source; un
47、like the solar energy unit, it does not have to go out of production when the sun is not shining; unlike hydro-electric power, it does not depend on a large flow of water which may be reduced during some seasons of the year. With an atomic power station, the only limiting factor is that of safety.In
48、 the opposite process, nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together, to form a new nucleus of a different kind and this process also releases energy on an enormous scale. Fusion can only occur under conditions of very great heatat least 50,000,000 degrees Celsius. (The temperature at the centre of the s
49、un is estimated as 130,000,000 degrees Celsius.) A fusion reaction on earth has already been createdthe hydrogen bomb. This is an uncontrolled reaction. It is not yet possible to produce a controlled fusion reaction that can be used for the production of useful energy.Nuclear energy can be thought of as a kind of square, three of the quarters of the square are known and used, but the fourth cannot yet be used.36 Which of the
