1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 156 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Food and oxygen pass easily from mother to fetus(an unborn baby). Now it seems that fleeting sadness or happiness is also【B1】_to a
2、n unborn baby. Stress or depression in pregnancy can【B2】_a fetus, but less is known about the【B3】_of transient emotions. To【B4】_, Kazuyuki Shinohara and colleagues at Nagasaki University in Japan showed 10 pregnant volunteers a cheery 5-minute clip from the musical The Sound of Music. Another 14 wat
3、ched a tear-jerking 5 minutes from The Champ. Each clip was sandwiched between two “neutral“ samples【B5】_the team could【B6】_any changes in fetal movements against a baseline.The women listened to the films through headphones to【B7】_that only the effect of their【B8】_, not the sounds, were being measu
4、red. “Fetuses can hear by the last three months,“ says Shinohara. The team【B9】_the number of arm, leg and whole body movements【B10】_ultrasound and found that during the happy film clip the fetuses moved their arms【B11】_more than when the pregnant women watched a neutral clip.【B12 】_, the fetuses of
5、sad women moved their arms less.What makes the【B13】_of happy mothers wave isnt clear.【B14】_, such movement is a(n) 【B15】_of a working nervous and motor system, says Alexander Heazell at the University of Manchester, UK. He says the study offers us insights into how【B16】_influences affect fetuses. Sh
6、inohara suggests that sadness【B17】_more of the “fight or flight“ hormone, which redirects blood away from the uterus. The fetus diverts the reduced blood【B18】_to its brain and heart and away from its limbs.【B19】_its too early to use the study to【B20 】_women.1 【B1 】（A）transacted（B） transmitted（C） int
7、erpreted（D）imposed2 【B2 】（A）harm（B） provide（C） assist（D）generate3 【B3 】（A）profits（B） advantages（C） utilities（D）effects4 【B4 】（A）certificate（B） investigate（C） advertise（D）experience5 【B5 】（A）in that（B） as if（C） even if（D）so that6 【B6 】（A）calculate（B） prevent（C） measure（D）counter7 【B7 】（A）ensure（B） co
8、nfirm（C） realize（D）witness8 【B8 】（A）movements（B） emotions（C） hearings（D）boundaries9 【B9 】（A）demonstrated（B） indicated（C） counted（D）broadcasted10 【B10 】（A）like（B） as（C） on（D）via11 【B11 】（A）magnificently（B） significantly（C） ordinarily（D）generally12 【B12 】（A）Meanwhile（B） Thereby（C） Moreover（D）Hence13 【
9、B13 】（A）bodies（B） limbs（C） heads（D）fetuses14 【B14 】（A）On the contrary（B） In other words（C） However（D）Otherwise15 【B15 】（A）outcome（B） protection（C） indicator（D）favour16 【B16 】（A）tremendous（B） external（C） interior（D）faint17 【B17 】（A）assimilates（B） releases（C） enhances（D）diminishes18 【B18 】（A）demand（B）
10、 circulation（C） assignment（D）supply19 【B19 】（A）Furthermore（B） So（C） Even（D）But20 【B20 】（A）advise（B） distract（C） amuse（D）ridiculePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It is only natural for leaders to try to make
11、the most of their strengths. The theory of comparative advantage directs people, as well as countries and firms, to focus on what they are good at. Management experts have tended to concur: one of the bestselling business books of recent years is called Now Discover Your Strengths. When business sch
12、ools(and indeed business columnists)profile bosses, they often assume that more is better. But is this right? Three recent books express some doubts.In Fear Your Strengths, Robert Kaplan and Robert Kaiser argue, “what you are best at could be your biggest problem.“ Forcefulness can become bullying;
13、decisiveness can turn into pigheadedness; niceness can develop into indecision. In From Smart to Wise, Prasad Kaipa and Navi Radjou argue that the strengths that todays leaders are most likely to overuse are what Americans called “smarts“the sort of skills managers pick up studying at business schoo
14、l or working in consultancies. In Tipping Sacred Cows, Jake Breeden goes further, arguing that many so-called management virtues are just as likely to be vices in disguise.These three books are all valuable exercises in iconoclasmdeliberate destruction of icons. But the trouble with iconoclasm when
15、you apply it to the analysis of leadership is that you can go on forever. Many successful leaders are successful precisely because they push their strengths to the limit. Richard Branson has turned Virgin into a global brand by relentlessly exploiting his two biggest strengths: his ability to take o
16、n “big bad wolves“firms that are overcharging and underserving the publicand his talent for infusing Virgin with a counter-cultural personality.Leadership skills are context-dependent. Margaret Thatcher was undoubtedly a nightmare to work for. In 1981 her closest advisers were so angry with her that
17、 they produced a memo that criticized her for breaking “every rule of good man-management“, including bullying her weaker comrades, criticizing her colleagues in front of officials and refusing to give praise or credit. It warned her that she was “likely to become another failed Tory prime minister
18、sitting with Edward Heath“. But her abrasive style was exactly what Britain needed in the 1980s.The word that is too often missing from leadership studies is “judgment“. Everybody involved in the business is desperate to appear scientific: academics because they want to get research grants and consu
19、ltants because they want to prove that they are selling something more than just instinct. But judgment is what matters most, and it is hard to measure. It takes judgment to resist getting carried away with one quality(such as decisiveness)or one measure of success(such as the share price). It takes
20、 judgment to know when to modulate your virtues and when to pull out all the stops. Unfortunately judgment is in rather shorter supply than leadership versatility indices.21 The word “concur“(Line 3, Para. 1)most probably means（A）coincide.（B） agree.（C） doubt.（D）object.22 According to Jake Breeden,（A
21、）Americans tend to overuse their strengths.（B） there exist no such things as management virtues.（C） management virtues and vices are interchangeable.（D）management virtues should be closely examined.23 The story of Richard Branson shows that（A）there are many successful leaders like Branson.（B） iconoc
22、lasm is not applicable to successful leaders.（C） strengths have contributed to many leaders success.（D）Virgins success is mainly attributed to his strengths.24 In her advisers eyes, Margaret Thatcher was（A）a nightmare.（B） a poor leader.（C） a failure.（D）a savior.25 It is indicated in the last paragra
23、ph that（A）leadership studies should focus more on judgment.（B） businesspeople, leaders in particular, are versatile.（C） strengths can turn into weakness sometimes.（D）judgment is the most crucial measure of leadership.25 Three makes a trend. The Washington Post Co. Friday announced that it would look
24、 to sell its iconic headquarters building in downtown Washington, D.C. In January, the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News announced they would put up for sale their headquarters. The same month, Frank Gannett said it will sell the building that houses the Rochester, N.Y., Democrat circulation r
25、evenues are back to where they were in 1996. The digital numbers are rising, but not nearly fast enough. Print media is hampered by high fixed costs incurred in the pre-digital erapensions and union contracts, equipment like printing presses, large numbers of employees, and big office buildings.Virt
26、ually every newspaper company has engaged in drastic measureslaying off experienced employees, eliminating sections, cutting back printing from daily to a few days per week. Those efforts are all meant to lower day-to-day operating costs. But weve also seen newspaper companies seek onetime injection
27、s of cash by selling off non-core assets. Increasingly, the headquarters buildingtypically located right in the middle of townis falling into the non-core asset category.Traditionalists may find these sales and the continued shrinking of newspapers real-estate footprints to be depressing. But its ac
28、tually a positive development. Call it creative destruction, or adaptive reuse. In cities around the country, investors are finding better uses for properties. In lower Manhattan, Class B office buildings that used to house financial firms have been converted into expensive condos. “Its a great thin
29、g, because it drives more tax revenue to the cities. And it gives the suburbs a run for the money,“ said Jonathan Miller, president of appraisal company MillerSamuel.In D.C, the Washington Post will likely fetch an excellent price for its headquarters because Washington is a boomtown. Throughout D.C
30、, investors are plowing cash into housing, office, and retail developments. The building that housed the organization that exposed the Watergate scandal may become the next Watergate complex.Of course, progress inevitably displaces the prior tenants. Its likely the new homes that will be occupied by
31、 newspapermen and newspaperwomen in Washington, Rochester, and Detroit will be less grand, less central, and less historic than their current homes. And the sale of these properties alone wont solve the newspapers financial problems. But it will buy them a very valuable commodity: time.26 At the ver
32、y beginning of paragraph 1, the saying “Three makes a trend“ implies that（A）the three companies have sold their buildings together.（B） newspaper-publishers have widely fallen into crisis.（C） newspaper giants start to enter housing market.（D）its popular for printing companies to change headquarters.2
33、7 According to paragraph 2, what has stood in the way of print medias further development?（A）The decline of advertising revenues.（B） The spread of digital news.（C） The over-high operating cost.（D）The large office buildings.28 In newspaper industry, drastic measures are adopted with the purpose to（A）
34、reduce the staff cost.（B） optimize company sections.（C） cut down the daily expenditure.（D）look for onetime injection of cash.29 In paragraph 4, it is inferred that（A）traditionalists are strongly against the sales of newspapers buildings.（B） the destruction of newspapers buildings is actually creativ
35、e.（C） the trading of buildings can increase the urban revenue.（D）money flows are running quickly from suburbs to big cities.30 The authors attitude to the building-sales is（A）negative.（B） positive.（C） neutral.（D）indifferent.30 A few years ago, James Green began to dread work. He dragged himself out
36、of bed every morning and plodded through New Yorks Penn Station, trying to manage a “game face“ for his office at Giant Realm, an online advertising network. But Mr. Green wasnt just any manager at the company; he was the CEO. And he was burned out on the job.Companies and managers are equipped to h
37、andle job fatigue among employees, but what happens when burnoutdescribed as persistent fatigue, detachment or resentment triggered by excessive work and stressstrikes the top boss?More companies might soon find out. An uncertain economy, shareholder discontent and mounting expectations to deliver r
38、esults have made the lives of chief executives more stressful, management experts say. And while few executives publicly acknowledge burnout, researchers studying the issue say it is more common than previously thought. In one study conducted by Harvard Medical School faculty, 96% of senior leaders
39、reported feeling burned out to some degree, with one-third describing their burnout as extreme.Burned-out bosses complain of lost focus and mental clarity, and feelings that theyre always behind. Company performance can suffer as they struggle to make decisions or treat staff fairly, according to ma
40、nagement and medical experts. Yet HR departments usually assume, wrongly, that CEOs and other senior executives “have it together.“For Mr. Green, a turnaround specialist who spent a decade reviving struggling firms and preparing them for sale, firing hundreds of workers and answering investor demand
41、s left him feeling hollow. But he kept that to himself. “If you want to be a real leader, you cant go around being emotionally unstable,“ he says. Eventually, the 51-year-old executive said he felt he “just had to check out.“Taking time off to travel or sail is a common fantasy among executives, but
42、 leaves arent a sure fix for burnout, says Gabriela Cord, a psychiatrist and author of “Leading Under Pressure.“ Dr. Cora, who has treated some executive patients, generally recommends sleep, exercise and sometimes prescription medication, such as antidepressants.Preventing burnout is one focus of a
43、 recently launched Harvard Business School workshop for executives at a career crossroads. John Davis, an HBS management professor and faculty chair of the Crossroads Program, says many bosses lack “good thermostats“ for gauging their levels of fatigue. Whats more, the executives say they simply can
44、t afford to step off the “treadmill“ to solve the problem, he adds. But just as Frits van Paasschen, CEO of Starwood Hotels use “Li Ming“ instead.Do not write the address.Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)52 Write an essay of 160-200 wor
45、ds based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)考研英语（一）模拟试卷 156 答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the b
46、est word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。先看第一句话：食物和氧气很容易通过母亲传输给胎儿。而空格所在句子是承接第一句话说的，also 是关键。推测空格处需要一个与 pass 意思相近的动词，表示悲伤和快乐也能传递给未出生的婴儿。因此 B 项 “传递，传输”符合题意。2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。上一句话提到：悲伤和快乐也能传递给未出生的婴儿。根据这句话的意思，并联系我们的常识可知，怀孕期间的压力或抑郁对胎儿有
47、害。因此，A 项“伤害，损害”符合题意。3 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 上下文语义及名词辨析题。空格所在句子的前半部分说，母亲在怀孕期间的压力或抑郁会给胎儿带来伤害。后半部分意为，但对这种短暂情绪所产生的这方面了解甚少。前半部分说的“伤害”其实是对胎儿的一种影响，而且此处的 effects 和第二段首句的 effect 也呼应。因此D 项“影响，效果”符合题意。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。上一句讲到对短暂情绪产生的影响了解甚少，而空格之后的内容在说一个实验，实验的目的是为了调查。因此选 B 项。5 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 逻辑语义题。空格所在句子的前半部分
48、意为：每个剪辑都安排在两个“中性”剪辑之间。而后半部分讲了这样做的目的，因此，空格处要填人表示目的的短语。选 D 项“以便”。6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。空格所缺动词的宾语是 any changes in fetal movements“胎儿运动所有的变化”。而“变化”必须要测量才可以知道。因此，C 项“测量”符合题意。7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。空格前的 to是目的状语，表明看电影时戴耳机的目的。that 引导宾语从句，结合从句的内容及四个选项的含义，判断这里填人 A 项“确保”恰当。8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 上下文语义及名
49、词辨析题。这篇文章讲的就是孕妇的情绪对胎儿运动的影响。上一句话说，测量胎儿的运动变化。那么，空格所在句子就应该保证这些变化都是由孕妇情绪造成的，而不是其他因素。由此可以判断，B 项“情绪”符合题意。9 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 上下文语义及动词辨析题。空格所缺动词的宾语是 number(数量)。数量要“数”才知道。因此，C 为正确答案。10 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 逻辑语义题。空格前面的部分意思是，小组计算胎儿手臂、腿和整个身体运动的次数。空格后是超声波。可以判定，超声波是用来计算胎儿运动的工具或方式。因此，空格处所缺介词应该表示方式或工具，D 项“通过”符合题意。11 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 上下文语义及副词辨析题。空格缺的是程度副词，用来修饰more，只有 B 项“重大地，可观地 ”在意思上符合句意，为正确答案。12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 逻辑语义题。空格前的一句意为：看愉快的电影剪辑时，胎儿手臂运动比看中性剪辑时的动作要多得多。空格所在句子意为：看伤感电影
