1、Designation: D5023 07D5023 15Standard Test Method forPlastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Flexure (Three-Point Bending) 1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5023; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting
3、 the visco-elasticproperties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cutfrom sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The data generated, using three-point bending techniques, may be used to identify thethermomechanical properties o
4、f a plastic material or compositions using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.1.2 This test method is intended to provide means for determining the viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plasticsmaterials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques in accordance with Practice D4065
5、. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus;loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significanttransitions in the thermomechanical performance of polymeric material systems.1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of
6、 frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.1.4 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differencesfrom results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (asdescri
7、bed in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.1.5 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absoluteproperty values.1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use
8、in engineering design.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this
9、standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD4000 Classificat
10、ion System for Specifying Plastic MaterialsD4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of ProceduresD4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 6721, Part 5 PlasticsDetermination of Dynamic Mechanical Properties Part 5:
11、Flexural VibrationNon-ResonanceMethod3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions applicable to this test method refer to Terminology Standard D4092.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Pr
12、operties.Current edition approved March 15, 2007July 1, 2015. Published April 2007July 2015. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 asD5023 - 01.D5023 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/D5023-07.10.1520/D5023-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or
13、 contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ans
14、i.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult pri
15、or editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
16、28-2959. United States14. Summary of Test Method4.1 Aspecimen of rectangular cross section is tested in flexure as a beam. The bar rests on two supports and is loaded by meansof a loading nose midway between the supports. Using three-point bending, the test specimen is placed in mechanical lineardis
17、placement at fixed frequencies and at either isothermal conditions or with linear temperature variation.with linear temperaturevariation or variable frequencies at isothermal conditions. The elastic moduli or loss moduli, or both, of the polymeric materialsystem are measured.NOTE 2The particular met
18、hod for measurement of the elastic and loss moduli and tan delta depends upon the individual instruments operatingprinciples.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions usingvery small amounts of material
19、. The data obtained may be used for quality control, research and development as well as theestablishment of optimum processing conditions.5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive means for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring theelastic and loss moduli as a function
20、of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus thesevariables can be used to provide a graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosettingresin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.5.3 This tes
21、t method can be used to assess:5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment,5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping.5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on mo
22、dulus, and5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance.performance,5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additi
23、ves on modulus and glass transition temperature.5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimenpreparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materialsspecifica
24、tion shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevantASTM material specifications,then the default conditions apply.6. Interferences6.1 Since small test specimen geometries are used, it is essential that the specimens be representative of the polymeric materia
25、lbeing tested.7. Apparatus7.1 The function of the apparatus is to hold a rectangular test specimen of a polymeric material system so that the material actsas the elastic and dissipative element in a mechanically driven linear displacement system. Dynamic mechanical instrumentsdescribed in this test
26、method generally operate in a forced, constant amplitude mode at a fixed frequency.7.2 The apparatus shall consist of the following:7.2.1 Loading Nose and SupportsThe loading nose and supports shall have cylindrical surfaces having a sufficient radius toavoid excessive indentation or failure due to
27、stress concentration directly under the loading nose.7.2.2 Linear Deformation (strain)A device for applying a continuous linear deformation (strain) to the specimen. In theforce-displacement device the deformation (strain) is applied and then released (see Table 1 of Practice D4065).7.2.3 DetectorsA
28、 device or devices for determining dependent and independent experimental parameters such as force(stress), deflection (strain), frequency, and temperature. Temperature should be measurable with a precision of 61C, frequencyto 61 %, strain to 61 %, and force to 61 %.7.2.4 Temperature Controller and
29、OvenAdevice for controlling the temperature, either by heating (in steps or ramps), cooling(in steps or ramps), or maintaining a constant specimen environment, or a combination thereof. A temperature controller shouldbe sufficiently stable to permit measurement of environmental-chamber temperature t
30、o within 1C.7.3 Nitrogen, or other inert gas supply, for purging purposes if appropriate.8. Test Specimens8.1 The test specimens may be cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes, or may be molded to the desired finished dimensions.Typically, the support span shall be 16 (tolerance +4 or 2) times the
31、 depth of the beam. Specimens shall be long enough to allowD5023 152overhanging on each end of at least 10 % of the support span, but in no case less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) on each end. Overhangshall be sufficient to prevent the specimen from slipping through the supports. A typical rectangular test
32、 beam is 64 by 13 by 3mm (2.5 by 0.5 by 0.125 in.) tested flatwise on a 50 mm (2 in.) support span, resulting in a span to depth ratio of 16. Rectangulartest specimens of other dimensions can be used but should be clearly identified in the report section.9. Calibration9.1 Calibrate the instrument us
33、ing procedures recommended by the manufacturer.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the test specimens at 23.0 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 550 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by contract or relevant AST
34、M materialspecification.11. Procedure11.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement, such as temperature or time sweep. Measure the width and depth of thespecimen to the nearest 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) at its center.11.2 Center the specimen on the supports, with the long axis of the specimen perpend
35、icular to the loading nose and supports.11.3 Pre-load the test specimen so that there is a positive force. Monitor the normal force to ensure adequate pre-loading.11.4 Select the desired frequency (or frequencies) for dynamic linear displacement.11.5 Select the linear displacement amplitude within t
36、he linear elastic region of the material being tested. If the linear elasticregion is not known, perform a strain sweep at ambient temperature to determine an appropriate amplitude.11.6 Temperature Sweep:11.6.1 Temperature increases should be controlled to 1 to 2C/min for linear (ramp) increases and
37、 to 2 to 5C/min with aminimum of 1-min thermal soak time for step increases.11.6.2 The tan delta peak shall coincide with the dramatic change in modulus through the glass-transition region.12. Calculation12.1 The equations listed in Practice D4065 are used to calculate the following important rheolo
38、gical properties measured inforced, nonresonant dynamic displacement:displacement where:E = storage (elastic) modulus in bending,E“ = loss (viscous) modulus in bending,E* = complex modulus in bending, andTan = tan delta.12.1.1 Storage (elastic) modulus in bending, E,12.1.2 Loss (viscous) modulus in
39、bending, E“,12.1.3 Complex modulus in bending, E*, and12.1.4 Tan delta, d*.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, including type, source, manufacturers code, number, form, principaldimensions, and previous processing, or thermal history
40、, or both, if available13.1.2 Direction of cutting and loading specimen, including pre-load force,13.1.3 Conditioning procedure,13.1.4 Description of the instrument used for the test,13.1.5 Description of the calibration procedure,13.1.6 Identification of the sample atmosphere by gas composition, pu
41、rity, and rate used, if appropriate,13.1.7 Depth and width of specimen,13.1.8 Support span length,13.1.9 Support span-to-depth ratio,13.1.10 Radius of supports and loading nose,13.1.11 Frequency of dynamic displacement,13.1.12 Amplitude of displacement,13.1.13 Thermal gradient; heating gradient, if
42、appropriate,13.1.14 Number of specimens tested,D5023 15313.1.15 Table of data and results, including moduli and tan delta as a function temperature, frequency, strain, or time (asappropriate), and13.1.16 A plot of the modulus (moduli) and tan delta as a function of temperature (see Fig. 1), frequenc
43、y, strain, or time (asappropriate).14. Precision and Bias14.1 The repeatability standard deviation has been determined for the materials shown in Table 1.Asingle laboratory evaluatedfour thermoplastic neat resins and composites and the values shown were obtained with the same test method in the same
44、laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment in the shortest practical period of time using test specimens taken atrandom from a single quantity of homogeneous material.15. Keywords15.1 dynamic mechanical rheological properties; elastic; flexural viscoelastic behavior; linear displacemen
45、t; loss; storagemodulus; tan deltaFIG. 1 Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Three-Point Bending(at Different Frequencies)TABLE 1 DMRTDMA Three-Point Bending, Elastic Modulus, E(E10 Pa) or (E11 dynes/cm2) at Selected TemperaturesMaterial Temperature, C40 60 80 100 120Polycarbonate:Mean 2.302 2.319 2.18
46、7 2.079 1.818Standard deviation 0.044 0.078 0.073 0.042 0.005Polypropylene:Mean 1.242 0.5744 0.2893 0.1835 . . .Standard deviation 0.255 0.0553 0.0151 0.0117 . . .ABS:Mean 2.294 2.232 1.461 . . . . . .Standard deviation 0.011 0.004 0.052 . . . . . .Glass ReinforcedPolycarbonate:Mean 4.014 3.970 3.88
47、3 3.687 3.582Standard deviation 0.130 0.087 0.118 0.064 0.134D5023 154SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D5023 - 01D5023 - 07) that may impact the use of this standard. (March 15, 2007)(July 1, 2015)(1) PunctuationRev
48、ised 4.1was, 10.1corrected., 12.1, and 13.1.13.(2) PortionsAdded 5.3.7were, 5.3.8reworded for, and 5.3.9clarification(3) Significance and UseRevised title of Table 1subsection .5.4 was revised.(4) The ISO equivalency statement was revised and an ISO Standards subsection was added to the Referenced D
49、ocuments section.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either
