1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 166 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 One of the really startling things about todays decision on the Affordable Care Act is that the whole broccoli issue. One might ha
2、ve thought it【B1】_the dignity of the Court, for the broccoli was not only raised in the various rulings and differences but tossed around, argued back and forth, and made【B2】_central to the whole thing. In his ruling, Chief Justice Roberts jumps right into what Justice Ginsburg calls “ the broccoli
3、horrible,“ meaning the mention of broccoli as the【B3】_consequence of unrestrained big government.【B4】_the idea that the Commerce Clause allows Congress to regulate a consumers【B5】_, he repeats what is by now the familiar mocking【B6】_of the right: What would stop a government that can make you buy he
4、alth insurance from also making you buy healthy vegetables? That【 B7】_the health-care market, too.【B8】_, we wouldnt want to live in a country where they can make you eat broccoli!Consider the chain of inferences the Court would have to accept to【B9】_that a vegetable-purchase decree was likely to hav
5、e a(an) 【B10】_effect on the health-care costs borne by Americans. The Court would have to believe that【B11】_forced to buy vegetables would then eat them, would【B12 】_the vegetables in a healthy way, and would not allow other factors to【B13 】_the improved diet.【B14 】_, if you eat broccoli raw, steame
6、d, or even deep-fried, its going to seem【B15 】_, the kind of thing the government would have to force【B16 】_your plate. But broccoli is a bad thing only when it is badly done. The truth is that broccoli should always be【B17】_roasted or pureed, in the French style, and if you tasted it, you would not
7、 just【B18 】_but demand government-mandated broccoli. In fact, if you could force all the right-wing Justices to taste these dishes, they would never mention “ the broccoli horrible“ again. Theyd【B19】_just move on to Brussels sprouts, though, legal argument being【B20】_it is.1 【B1 】（A）above（B） beneath
8、（C） below（D）beyond2 【B2 】（A）more or less（B） even（C） as if（D）as long as3 【B3 】（A）deteriorative（B） absolute（C） sickening（D）unacceptable4 【B4 】（A）Supporting（B） Exploring（C） Opposing（D）Condemning5 【B5 】（A）behavior（B） buying-power（C） enthusiasm（D）inactivity6 【B6 】（A）query（B） challenge（C） pursuit（D）breach
9、7 【B7 】（A）affords（B） affects（C） effects（D）offers8 【B8 】（A）Thus（B） Meanwhile（C） Although（D）Nonetheless9 【B9 】（A）conclude（B） include（C） delude（D）seclude10 【B10 】（A）interesting（B） substantial（C） important（D）attributable11 【B11 】（A）anyone（B） everyone（C） nobody（D）someone12 【B12 】（A）prepare（B） process（C）
10、blend（D）engulf13 【B13 】（A）overcome（B） ignore（C） trump（D）dwarf14 【B14 】（A）Naturally（B） Surprisingly（C） Actually（D）Undoubtedly15 【B15 】（A）delicious（B） unappetizing（C） bland（D）disgusting16 【B16 】（A）into（B） onto（C） in（D）on17 【B17 】（A）neither（B） nor（C） both（D）either18 【B18 】（A）detest（B） tolerate（C） objec
11、t（D）resent19 【B19 】（A）ultimately（B） constantly（C） probably（D）presumably20 【B20 】（A）what（B） that（C） why（D）howPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 If you ask a Swiss person who their president is, they likely wont
12、 be able to tell you. And its not because they are politically apathetic or uninformed. In Switzerland, citizens dont vote for their president.In this small alpine country, citizens elect a new Parliament every four years, and the Parliament chooses a group of seven councilors from different parties
13、. They are the head of state. The presidency rotates among the members every year. But the keystone of Swiss democracy is the regular use of refer-endums, in which citizens vote on everything from their towns new sports center to the countrys immigration policy.As Michael Bechtel, professor of polit
14、ical science at the University of St. Gallen, explains, in a direct democracy there is a stronger incentive for political elites to take into account citizen preferences when making choices. It might sound like a panacea for Occupy Wall Street types, but this is actually a complex system with both a
15、dvantages and disadvantages.Voting in Switzerland is easy. With no need to register, every citizen receives a ballot for each vote, which can be returned by mail.And decisions arent final. If a law has already been passed, people can still overturn it by getting 50,000 signatures in 100 days. The bi
16、ll then has to be voted on by the public. And if that wasnt enough, Swiss citizens can also suggest their own laws by “popular initiative. “ If 100,000 people ask for a change in the constitution, the Parliament is obligated to discuss it and submit the proposal to a popular vote.To be sure, there a
17、re pitfalls. Popular votes can lead to a tyranny of the majority, making it easy to discriminate against small groups. In 2009, a law was passed with 57 percent of the votes in favor of banning the construction of mosque towers even if the government emphatically opposed the ban. This system also sl
18、ows down the law-making process and makes it more difficult to get on the same page with international rulings like those of the European Union.Could other nations benefit from direct democracy? Maybe, but the preconditions are high. Besides being a well-educated electorate with basic rights, they m
19、ust be able to see past party lines. “It comes down to how much you trust your fellow citizens,“ says Klaus Dingwerth, political scientist and fellow at the Global Public Policy Institute.21 Why does the author say that Swiss people may not be able to tell the name of their president?（A）Because Swis
20、s people are indifferent to politics.（B） Because Swiss people are inaccessible to political information.（C） Because the election of Swiss president has nothing to do with the Swiss.（D）Because president of Switzerland is not directly elected by the Swiss.22 The head of state of Switzerland is made up
21、 of_.（A）a Parliament elected by citizens（B） seven councilors chosen from the Parliament（C） seven councilors from different parties（D）a president and seven councilors from different parties23 According to Michael Bechtel, direct democracy_.（A）makes political elites more likely to consider citizen pre
22、ferences（B） makes citizen preferences a top priority in the decision making process（C） can solve the problem of Occupy Wall Street types（D）is a well-functioning system regardless of its shortcomings24 According to the passage, which of the following is true about voting in Switzerland?（A）Everyone in
23、 Switzerland has the right to vote.（B） Swiss citizens can receive only one ballot through the Internet.（C） An established law can be abolished by popular vote.（D）Swiss people can establish their own laws by popular vote.25 According to the passage, popular vote_.（A）is part of direct democracy in Swi
24、tzerland（B） can lead to tyranny against small groups（C） is not welcomed by Swiss government（D）cannot be replicated in other nations25 Phone data could predict with 87% accuracy whether someone had depressive symptoms. “We found that the more time people spend on their phones, the more likely they ar
25、e to be more depressed,“ says David Mohr, one of the authors of the study and director of the Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Northwestern researchers recruited 28 people ages 19 -58 from Craigslist and souped up their smartphon
26、es with location-and-usage monitoring software. At the start of the study, they took a standardized questionnaire that measures depressive symptoms; half of the subjects had symptoms of depression, and half did not. For two weeks, the phones tracked GPS location information every five minutes and pi
27、nged the users with questions about their mood several times a day. The phone data the researchers collected were rich; how many places the participants visited each day, how much time they spent in each of those places and how frequently they used their phones. The researchers then correlated this
28、objective data with their depression test scores.What they hoped to find was a connection between the objective markers of behaviorsuch as where the people were and how often they changed locationsand their depression test results. Mohr and his team indeed found a strong correlation between these ob
29、jective markers and depression. Phone data were even better than the daily questions the users answered to predict depression test results. “People who tend to spend more time in just one or two placeslike people who stay at home or go to work and go back homeare more likely to have higher depressio
30、n scores,“ says Mohr. When a person moved around was important, too; people who stuck to a regular pattern of movement tended to be less depressed, they found. “ This fits into a larger body of clinical research showing that people with mental health problems in general, their circadian rhythms get
31、thrown off,“ Mohr says. “Usually its looked at with sleep and activity, but here were seeing it also in terms of their movement through geographic space. “ When people get depressed, he says, their mood may pull them off their routine.Depressed people, too, spent an average of 68 minutes using their
32、 phones each day, while people without depression only spent about 17 minutes on their phones. The software didnt track what people did on their phonesjust whether or not they were using it. But the authors have some ideas about why they saw phone activity rise with depression. “ One of the things w
33、e see when people are depressed is that people tend to start avoiding tasks or things they have to do, particularly when theyre uncomfortable,“ Mohr explains. “Using the phone, going in and using an App, is kind of a distraction. “Its preliminary research, but Mohr hopes to add to the number of smar
34、tphone sensors and use these to subtly help manage depression and spot it more quickly, without requiring any work on behalf of the user. “ Being able to get people timely treatment for depression is a critical failure point in public health right now,“ Mohr says. An App that people download on thei
35、r phoneswithout having to answer any questionsmay help pinpoint their depressive states more effectively and help them get treatment.26 The monitoring software installed on the phone is NOT used to_.（A）figure up how many places the users have been to（B） record how long the users stay in one place（C）
36、 see what activities the users do in each place（D）track how often the users turn on their phones27 According to the passage, depressed people tend to_.（A）lead a regular space of life and whereabouts（B） spend a lot of time in just one or two places（C） be addicted to the games in the phone（D）avoid goi
37、ng to work and meeting their colleagues28 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE about the experiment taken by the researchers?（A）Researchers use phones with monitoring software to measure users depression scores directly.（B） Researchers ask the users questions about their depr
38、essive symptoms before the phone track.（C） Researchers try to find the relation between depression and the frequency of using phones.（D）Researchers compare the phone data collected about the users with their depression conditions.29 What is Mohrs viewpoint about using smartphones to measure depressi
39、on?（A）It is critical to develop App that can automatically identify phone users depressive conditions.（B） Peoples mind state is recognized by using their movement instead of sleep and activity.（C） The future smartphone App will not only recognize mark of depression but cure the symptom.（D）Smartphone
40、s not only facilitate peoples communication but also maintain public health.30 It can be inferred from the passage that smartphones can_.（A）be used to cure many diseases with the Apps（B） be used effectively to improve public health（C） be practical to urge people to work more effectively（D）be closely
41、 connected with ones state of mind30 March brought crazy attention to Barack Obamas health law. The Supreme Court heard arguments over its constitutionality. Outside the court, supporters waved their neatly printed posters and tea-partiers waved their scrawled, angry ones. The arguments centred on M
42、r. Obamas mandate to buy insurance. America is the rare Western country without a universal insurance scheme. But, as a new study points out, a lack of insurance is only part of Americas health problem.On April 3rd the University of Wisconsin and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, a philanthropic o
43、utfit, released a new report on health in Americas counties. The report is part of a string of efforts to sort through the mounds of data on health and the factors that affect it. The jumble of information does not reveal a perfectly clear picture. But it begins to illuminate the particular nature o
44、f Americas health and why it is so gloomy.America, it is often noted, spends more on health care yet has worse results than other rich countries. Its infant-mortality rate, for example, is double that of Sweden, Germany and France(to name only a few). A closer look reveals conflicting trends within
45、America itself. A recent ranking of states health, sponsored by the foundation of United Health, Americas biggest insurer, was filled with contradictions. America is making good progress to reduce smoking and the death of infectious disease, yet diabetes rates are climbing and tens of millions remai
46、n uninsured. The north-east is a picture of health compared with the South. Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts are among the five healthiest states; Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana are the lowest. Resources vary wildly from one state to another. Massachusetts has 192 primary-care doctors fo
47、r every 100,000 people; Idaho has just 78. Behaviour is similarly spotty. In Florida whites are 30% more likely to smoke than blacks. In Minnesota the reverse is true.The new report takes an even closer look, inspecting data for more than 3,000 counties. The authors, led by Bridget Booske Catlin of
48、the University of Wisconsin, rank each states counties according to health outcomes: premature death, poor mental and physical health and low birth weights for babies. Separately, they examine the factors that influence health, such as clinical care, income and behaviour.Wide gaps existed within eac
49、h state. The five least-healthy counties generally had more than twice the teenage birth rate of the five healthiest counties, and more than twice the share of poor children. Within counties, factors seem to contradict one another. In Putnam, New Yorks healthiest county, 29% of adults are obese, compared with 28% in the Bronx, New Yorks least-healthy county. Putnam also has higher rates of binge drinking21% compared
