1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 168 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Hansen starts by arguing that the ice melting on and around Greenland and Antarctica will【B1】_rises in sea level that are much fas
2、ter than【B2】_predictions, meaning that we are likely to see several metres of sea-level rise this century. It is an argument that he has been making for a long time. Even more startling are the【B3】_that Hansen thinks will result【B4】_this rapid melt. Because fresh water is less【B5】_than saltwater, th
3、e cold, fresh meltwater will【B6 】_around the coasts of Greenland and Antarctica.Around Antarctica, this surface layer will act as a blanket, floating on top of warmer, saltier water and【B7】_it from losing heat to the air.【B8】_, this heat will go into melting the underside of ice shelves and glaciers
4、. Hansen【B9】_that the growth in sea ice around Antarctica is a sign that this is starting to【B10 】_already, with freshening surface water forming sea ice more【B11 】_This freshwater layer will also【B12】_the currents that carry heat from the tropics to the poles, he argues, so the tropics will warm fa
5、st while high latitudes cool down because of the cold surface waters. This【B13 】_difference, will power superstorms unlike anything we have ever seen, Hanse【B14 】_Most【B15】_of all, Hansen thinks that all of this could happen with just a 2C rise in temperature-the【B16】_safe limit.The consequences, of
6、 course, would be【B17】_“It is not difficult to imagine that【B18】_arising from forced migrations and economic collapse might make the planet【B19】_, threatening the fabric of civilisation, “ the paper states. These claims do not reflect the views of most climate scientists. But here is the【B20】_messag
7、e; we cannot be sure that Hansen is wrong.1 【B1 】（A）cause（B） demonstrate（C） confront（D）contradict2 【B2 】（A）groundless（B） mainstream（C） unexpected（D）malicious3 【B3 】（A）consequences（B） considerations（C） facts（D）conditions4 【B4 】（A）in（B） with（C） at（D）from5 【B5 】（A）clear（B） clean（C） hot（D）dense6 【B6 】（A
8、）move（B） circulate（C） pool（D）float7 【B7 】（A）separating（B） taking（C） preventing（D）dividing8 【B8 】（A）Besides（B） Moreover（C） Though（D）Instead9 【B9 】（A）argues（B） teaches（C） achieves（D）arises10 【B10 】（A）melt（B） sharpen（C） happen（D）handle 11 【B11 】（A）fundamentally（B） basically（C） fully（D）readily12 【B12 】（
9、A）shake off（B） blow down（C） shut down（D）settle down13 【B13 】（A）temptation（B） temperature（C） manufacture（D）temperament14 【B14 】（A）claims（B） witnesses（C） expects（D）fends15 【B15 】（A）simplifying（B） beautifying（C） terrific（D）terrifying16 【B16 】（A）superficially（B） supposedly（C） superlatively（D）supernatura
10、lly17 【B17 】（A）beneficial（B） catchy（C） catastrophic（D）far-reaching18 【B18 】（A）conflicts（B） anecdotes（C） confusions（D）concentrations19 【B19 】（A）unaffordable（B） unjustifiable（C） unacceptable（D）ungovernable20 【B20 】（A）take-home（B） top-down（C） hands-off（D）first-handPart ADirections: Read the following f
11、our texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The made-for-TV movie about a tornado carrying man-eating sharks was a surprise hit in America. The preposterous plot of Sharknado may strike a chord with media bosses who have watched the Internet ravage their b
12、usiness over the past decade. Newspapers have lost readers and advertising to the Internet. Book and music shops have closed for good. Sales of DVDs and CDs have plummeted. The television industry has so far resisted big disruption but that has not stopped doomsayers predicting a flight of advertisi
13、ng and viewers.In 2008 Jeff Zucker, then the president of NBC Universal, a big entertainment group, lamented the trend of “trading analogue dollars for digital pennies“. But those pennies are starting to add up. And even Mr. Zucker, now boss of CNN Worldwide, a TV news channel, has changed his tune.
14、 “Old media is well, well beyond digital pennies. “ he says.What has changed his mind? The surge in smartphones, tablet computers and broadband speeds has encouraged more people to pay for content they can carry around with them. And all-access services , which give unlimited content on mobile devic
15、es for a monthly fee, are promoting people to spend more on digital products. After years of wreaking havoc, the Internet is helping media companies to grow. Sanford C. Bernstein, a research firm, reckons online licensing was responsible for about a third of the growth in revenues at CBS, an America
16、n media firm, in 2012.The most obvious change in the past few years is the decline of “physical“ products, such as CDs, DVDs and print newspapers. In 2008 nearly nine-tenths of consumer cash went on them;by 2017 it will be a little over half, with digital grabbing the rest. Newspapers are trying to
17、peddle digital subscriptions; the New York Times has nearly 700,000 online subscribers, but few others have done so well. So there is still a big question. Some wonder whether the prices that can be charged for computerized products “can support the underlying industries if they are not also physica
18、l businesses“.Some media firms need to get bigger and trim costs. But new technology does provide opportunities for media industry. The value of archives is growing in the Internet age: owners can profit from older programs that are rarely broadcast. The Internet can also help firms become cleverer.
19、 Concerts have become the lifeblood of the music industry and make up more than half of revenues. Acts used to go on tour to sell albums. Now they put out albums so they can make their living on the road. Publishers are releasing books electronically to test sales before putting them in print, and t
20、o adjust prices to drive demand. Experiments that were once impossibly expensive now cost peanuts. The trade of dollars for digital pennies doesnt always hurt.21 The statement “trading analogue dollars for digital pennies “(Para. 2)implies .（A）the lamentation of disruption of fortune caused by Inter
21、net（B） NBC Universal has changed its tune of digital pennies（C） digital media cannot rival with the old one（D）digital section of media contributes more to Jeff Zuckers industry22 Jeff Zucker believed that digital media is gaining its importance most probably because_.（A）the emergence of “all-access“
22、 services（B） the easy availability of the media content（C） the profitability brought by cyber technology（D）the low price of the monthly fee23 In Paragraph 4, the digital business of other newspapers is mentioned to show_.（A）the decline of physical products（B） the digital section is grabbing bigger s
23、hare（C） the endeavor is peddling digital users（D）the feasibility of computerized version24 According to the last paragraph, which of the following is true?（A）Media business can benefit from Internet in certain ways.（B） Some experiments in publishing business used to be cheap.（C） Albums now make up h
24、alf of revenues of music industry.（D）The Internet age promotes the value of the peanuts. 25 Whats the authors attitude towards the digital media?（A）Skeptical.（B） Supportive.（C） Biased.（D）Detached.25 The Special Forces Club,founded in 1945 in London by former members of the Special Operations Executi
25、ve, is a reminder that some things are more important than money. But the world of money is hard to ignore. Harrods, a posh department store, is just around the comer. A Russian oligarch is noisily building a palace across the road. Many members have to think about making a living now that the army
26、is shrinking. They wonder; are the skills that are celebrated inside the club useful in the world outside its windows?Once upon a time, business could not get enough of the smell of cordite. Tycoons referred to themselves as “captains of industry“ and crafted “strategies“(from the Greek word for “ge
27、neral“)for their troops. They talked of waging “war“ on their rivals. They relaxed by reading Sun Tzus The Art of War. But more recently attitudes have changed. Business people argue that military-style command-and-con-trol systems are out of date in a world of knowledge workers and fluid alliances.
28、This argument provokes derision in the Special Forces Club. Sir. Michael Rose, a retired general who spent part of his career with Britains SAS(Special Air Service), points out that the special forces have always embraced currently trendy management nostrums such as “empowerment“ and “high-performan
29、ce teams“. People who are dropped behind enemy lines have no choice but to rely on their own wits and make the most of limited resources. Sir Michael also points out that the regular forces have followed the special forces in introducing a “mission-command approach“that is, a commander defines the o
30、verall mission but then leaves the officers on the ground to decide how to execute it.Plenty of retired officers argue that business people have much to learn from the armed services. For example, business theorists increasingly emphasizes the importance of corporate culture, yet many new businesses
31、 do a dismal job of nurturing it. The military services, by contrast, have been adept at preserving their culture at a time of social turmoil. Granted, they have sometimes been slow to change. America only lifted the ban on openly gay troops in 2011, and on women in combat last month. But still, arm
32、ies are much better than other institutions at building a lifelong esprit de corps. Military mottoes make strong men cry: “The few, the proud“; “Who dares wins“. Most corporate mission statements make desk warriors cringe with embarrassment.26 Why are the English military club members about to look
33、into business arena?（A）They have duty to guard the Russian business invasion.（B） They want to tap the oversea market with help of Harrods.（C） They want to know the practicability of business skills.（D）They are facing the downscaling of military sector.27 Business tycoons used to embrace_.（A）ancient
34、cultures from Europe and Asia（B） knowledgeable and tactic team workers（C） the way of army to command and control（D）management skills in the industry28 The word “derision“(Para. 3)most probably means_.（A）ridicule（B） consequence（C） thought（D）craze29 That emerging businesses attach less attention to nu
35、rturing culture is mentioned to_.（A）show the importance of corporate culture in the times of turbulent society（B） show difference between theorists and the new business（C） show private sectors can take page from military category（D）show military mottoes also make warriors cry30 What would be the bes
36、t title for the text?（A）Business Has Much to Learn from the Armed Forces（B） Special Forces Club Offers Mission-Command Approach（C） Military Skills Are out of Date in Todays Business World（D）Military Skills Are essential to the Success of the Corporation30 Theres nothing simple about gun control, a t
37、angle of legal, political and public-health issues complicated by cultural preferences and regional biases. Passions run high on all sides. Lifelong hunters who grew up with firearms, urban victims of gun violence, Second Amendment scholars, NRA lobbyists , chiefs of policetheyve all got cases to ma
38、ke and they make them well, often contentiously.For the past 15 years, much of the debate has centered on the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act,the federal gun-control bill that was passed in 1993. Critics say the focus on law abiding gun buyers doesnt address the real issue
39、bad guys who acquire their weapons illegally. Supporters say that the bill stops thousands of illegal gun purchases and deters crime and violence. Now medical research has come to the rescue, sifting through the data to figure out which legal measures work best to reduce firearm suicides and homicid
40、es.In a paper published in the May issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Steven Sumner , a third-year med student and Dr. Peter Layde, co-director of the Injury Research Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin, found that local background checks, which are optional and used by jus
41、t a handful of states, were more effective than the federal background checks mandated by the Brady law. The report compared the homicide and suicide rates in states that perform only federal checks with states that do state-level checks and those that perform local-level checks. The local-level che
42、cks were associated with a 27 percent lower firearm suicide rate and a 22 percent lower homicide rate among adults 21 and older, the legal age to purchase a gun.Why are local checks so much better? “We hypothesize that its due to access to additional information thats not available at the federal ch
43、ecks. “ says Layde, “particularly related to mental-health issues and domestic-violence issues. “ All 50 states use the National Instant Criminal Background CheckSystem(NICS), the minimum-required under Brady, while 17 states also perform state-level checks and 12 do additional local-level checks.“T
44、his is the first study thats looked at this issue. “ says Layde. “If the magnitude of impact we found were in fact to apply to all 50 states, you would expect a very substantial reduction in suicides and homicides linked to firearms, many thousands. “ However, background checks can be both an admini
45、strative and a cost burden for strapped and stretched local authorities. There is another way to get the same results: improve the flow of local information to the NICS databases. “ In an ideal world,“ says Layde, “ you might not have to have the local agencies involved if you just reliably got all
46、the data they had up to the federal level. “31 We learn from the second paragraph that the Brady Act_.（A）is not effective in deterring violence and crimes（B） imposes very strict restrictions on gun purchase（C） actually encourages more law-violating guys to acquire guns（D）is more effective in prevent
47、ing firearm suicide than homicide32 Concerning the reduction of firearm suicides and homicides, Sumner and Laydes study has found that _ .（A）local background checks are more effective than federal checks（B） state-level background checks are more effective than federal checks（C） people with mental-he
48、alth problems are more likely to commit suicide（D）federal background checks are more effective than local background checks33 The Brady Act requires that_.（A）background checks should be made at both state and federal levels（B） all cases of suicide and homicide should be reported to state authorities
49、（C） local background checks should be re-examined at the federal level（D）the data from federal background checks should be used by all states34 In light of their findings, Layde proposes that_.（A）all local authorities should make local background checks（B） further study should be made about the effect of the Brady Act（C） data from local background checks should be incorporated into NICS（D）local authorities should receive mor
