1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 193 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Industrialism, at least within our experience of it for more than 200 years, never 【B1】 _ a point of equilibrium or a level platea
2、u. 【B2 】_ its very principle of operation, it ceaselessly innovates and changes. Having largely 【B3】_ the agricultural work force, it moves on manufacturing 【 B4】_ by creating new automated technology that increases manufacturing productivity 【B5】_ displacing workers. Manufacturing, from 【B6】_ a hal
3、f or more of the employed population of industrial societies, shrinks to between a quarter and a third. Its place is filled by the service sector.The move to a service society is 【B7】_ by a great expansion in education, health, and other private and public welfare 【B8】_ . The population typically be
4、comes not just healthier, better housed, and better fed but also better educated. Professional and scientific knowledge becomes the most marketable 【B9 】_ The link between pure science and technology, loose and uncertain in the early 【B10 】_ of industrialization, becomes pivotal.Struck by these chan
5、ges, as 【B11】_ with the classic forms of industrial society of the 19th and early 20th centuries, some theorists have discerned a 【B12 】_ to a new postmodern or postindustrial society. Such 【B13】_ may be premature. Most of the changes 【B14】_ late industrialism can be seen as the results of long-term
6、 developments 【B15 】_ in the process of industrialization from the start. The rise of service industries has 【B16】_ in part from the increase in leisure and in disposable wealth and in part from the 【B17】_ process of mechanization and technical innovation, 【B18 】_ constantly raises manufacturing pro
7、ductivity 【B19】_ replacing human labour with machines. It can also be seen as the 【B20 】_ of the growth of multinational corporations.1 【B1 】（A）reaches（B） obtains（C） arrives（D）maintains2 【B2 】（A）With（B） Under（C） Within（D）By3 【B3 】（A）diminished（B） eliminated（C） replaced（D）displaced4 【B4 】（A）efficienc
8、y（B） labor（C） employment（D）products5 【B5 】（A）while（B） as（C） when（D）as soon as6 【B6 】（A）consisting of（B） accounting for（C） taking in（D）amounting to7 【B7 】（A）marked（B） indicated（C） labeled（D）symbolized8 【B8 】（A）services（B） sectors（C） departments（D）divisions9 【B9 】（A）item（B） property（C） commodity（D）art
9、icle10 【B10 】（A）stages（B） processes（C） steps（D）procedures11 【B11 】（A）collided（B） complied（C） compared（D）connected12 【B12 】（A）movement（B） move（C） development（D）motion13 【B13 】（A）statements（B） claims（C） assumptions（D）conclusions14 【B14 】（A）realizing（B） characterizing（C） organizing（D）recognizing15 【B15
10、 】（A）explicit（B） notable（C） implicit（D）suggestive16 【B16 】（A）emerged（B） appeared（C） loomed（D）arisen17 【B17 】（A）continuing（B） increasing（C） growing（D）continuous18 【B18 】（A）that（B） which（C） when（D）where19 【B19 】（A）by（B） with（C） in（D）upon20 【B20 】（A）substance（B） subsequence（C） sequence（D）consequencePar
11、t ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The term “disruptive technology“ is popular, but is widely misused. It refers not simply to a clever new technology, but to one that undermines an existing technologyand which t
12、herefore makes life very difficult for the many businesses which depend on the existing way of doing things. Thirty years ago, the personal computer was a classic example. It swept aside an older mainframe-based style of computing, and eventually brought IBM, one of the worlds mightiest firms at the
13、 time, to its knees. This week has been a coming-out party of sorts for another disruptive technology, “voice over internet protocol“ (VOIP), which promises to be even more disruptive, and of even greater benefit to consumers, than personal computers.VOIPs leading proponent is Skype, a small firm wh
14、ose software allows people to make free calls to other Skype users over the internet, and very cheap calls to traditional telephonesall of which spells trouble for incumbent telecoms operators. On September 12th, eBay, the leading online auction-house, announced that it was buying Skype for $ 2.6 bi
15、llion, plus an additional $ 1.5 billion if Skype hits certain performance targets in coming years.It seems that this is a vast sum to pay for a company that has only $ 60m in revenues and has yet to turn a profit. Yet eBay was not the only company interested in buying Skype. Microsoft, Yahoo!, News
16、Corporation and Google were all said to have also considered the idea. Perhaps eBay, rather like some over-excited bidder in one of its own auctions, has paid too much. The company says it plans to use Skypes technology to make it easier for buyers and sellers to communicate, and to offer new “click
17、 to call“ advertisements, but many analysts are sceptical that eBay is the best owner of Skype. Whatever the merits of the deal, however, the fuss over Skype in recent weeks has highlighted the significance of VOIP, and the enormous threat it poses to incumbent telecoms operators.For the rise of Sky
18、pe and other VOIP services means nothing less than the death of the traditional telephone business, established over a century ago. Skype is merely the most visible manifestation of a dramatic shift in the telecoms industry, as voice calling becomes just another data service delivered via high-speed
19、 internet connections. Skype, which has over 54m users, has received the most attention, hut other firms routing calls partially or entirely over the internet have also signed up millions of customers.21 At the beginning of the text, the author（A）indicates a clever new technology.（B） undermines an e
20、xisting technology.（C） corrects a misconception.（D）states the popularity of the term.22 The phrase “broughtto its knees“ in the first paragraph most probably means（A）forcedto submit to it.（B） imposedon it.（C） convincedthat it.（D）associatedwith it.23 We can learn from the text that（A）even greater ben
21、efit to many business is promised.（B） quite a few corporations showed interests in the acquisition of Skype.（C） eBay has paid a vast sum of money for a small firm.（D）your phone will ring wherever you are in the world.24 The text suggests that many analysts attitude toward the possession of Skype by
22、eBay is（A）supportive.（B） persuasive.（C） approval.（D）negative.25 According to the last paragraph, with which of the following statements would the author of the text most probably agree?（A）Almost-free internet phone calls herald the slow death of traditional telephony.（B） Another data service was del
23、ivered entirely over the internet.（C） The traditional telephone business have yet to turn a profit.（D）The dramatic shift in the telecoms industry has received little attention.25 Microsoft employees do not recognize themselves in the governments suits in the Microsoft cafeteria in Redmond, Washingto
24、n. The governments antitrust suit against the company is frequently discussed among people who (like me) have no inside knowledge of what is actually going on in the negotiations. Slate, the online magazine I edit, is owned by Microsoft, so discount anything I say accordingly as you please. But havi
25、ng lived and worked among them for four years, I have found the attitude of folks inside the company pretty interesting, and maybe you will too. Not people like Bill Gates, or those who write the legal briefs and press releases, but the ordinary software developer in the cafeteria. Call him the Mall
26、 in the plaid Flannel Shirt.He or she is, above all, aggrieved. The grievance was well expressed by a midlevel manager when AI Gore “was on campus“ a few months ago. At a Q they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been
27、to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freuds drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon
28、 of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it
29、 originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans l
30、ies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could thi
31、nk of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,“ he says, “was the urge to do stuff.“ Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general,
32、appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,“ says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.“ Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a par
33、ticular form of sleep known as REM rapid eye movementwhich is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure inv
34、olved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking“ emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libidowhich is just what Freud had believed.Freuds psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happen
35、s to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes, “ says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, devel
36、op it, test it.“ Perhaps its not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.36 Freud believed that aggression and libido（A）were the only two sources of psychic energy.（B） could sometimes surface in our conscious life.（C） affected our behaviour unconsciously.（D）could appear cl
37、early in our dreams.37 Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?（A）Emotion.（B） Lust.（C） Seeking.（D）Urge38 Jaak Panksepps study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive（A）originates in the limbic system.（B） involves parts of the forebrain.（C） controls how we respond to s
38、timulus.（D）exists in many other animals.39 According to Mark Solms, dreaming（A）takes place during the whole sleeping period.（B） involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.（C） is closely related to the “seeking“ emotion.（D）starts at the same time as libido appears.40 It can be inferred
39、that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories（A）have long been discredited.（B） provide good guide for further research.（C） are placed in the same category.（D）are concerned about human being.Part B (10 points) 40 The U.S. space agency, NASA, is planning to launch a satellite that scientist
40、s hope will answer fundamental questions about the origin and destiny of our universe.【C1 】_The prevailing theory of the universes origin, the “Big Bang“ theory, says all matter and energy were once compressed into a tiny point. The density and resulting temperature were so enormous that, about 13-t
41、o-15-billion years ago by current estimates, a mighty explosion flung the matter hurtling outward in all directions.【C2 】_. They also ask, is the expansion accelerating? Will the universe collapse? What is its shape? Scientists will seek explanations with NASAs new Microwave Anisotropy Probe, abbrev
42、iated as MAP.【C3】_. “MAP will take the ultimate baby picture, an image of the infant universe taken in the fossil light that is still present from the Big Bang,“ he says. “This glow, this radiation, is the oldest light in the universe. Imprinted on this background, physicists knew, would be the secr
43、ets of the Big Bang itself.“This background radiation is the light and heat that the early cosmic soup of matter emitted. Once roiling hot, it has cooled over the eons to just a few degrees above absolute zero. It was once thought to be distributed evenly. But in 1992, a highly sensitive NASA satell
44、ite named COBE detected nearly imperceptible variations in temperature as tiny as 30-millionths of a degree.【C4 】_. “These patterns result from tiny concentrations that were in the very early universe that were the seeds that grew to become the stars and the galaxies that we see today,“ he says. “Th
45、e tiny patterns in the light hold the keys for understanding the history, the content, the shape, and the ultimate fate of our universe. “【C5 】_. Princeton University scientist David Spergel says MAP will give us a much more accurate matter count than we have now. “Right now, we want to measure some
46、thing like the matter-density of the universe,“ he says. “Today, we can estimate that to a factor of two. Thats pretty good. What we want to do is be able to measure it to about the three-percent level, which is what MAP will be capable of doing. “To do its job, the $ 145 million MAP spacecraft will
47、 settle into an orbit 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth. This is where the Earths and Suns gravitational pull are equal, and well past the range of the Earths own obscuring microwave radiation.While the older COBE satellite measured just a small part of the sky, Chalrles Bennett says MAP will sc
48、an the entire sky at 1,000 times better resolution. “The patterns that MAP measures are extremely difficult to measure,“ he says, “MAP will be measuring millionths of a degree temperature accuracies, and thats hard to do. Thats like measuring the difference between two cups of sand to the accuracy o
49、f a single grain of sand.“A Scientists are trying to learn how it clumped together to produce stars, clusters of stars called galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.B Astronomers are reporting evidence that points to a massive star-eating black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.C One of those keys is the amount of matter and its density. More matter with a higher density means more mole gravitational pull, suggesting a slow
