1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 206 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Despite your best intentions and efforts, it is【B1】_: At some point in your life, you will be wrong. 【B2 】_ can be hard to digest,
2、 so sometimes we double down rather than 【B3】_ them. Our confirmation bias kicks in, causing us to 【B4】 _ out evidence to prove what we already believe. The car you 【B5】 _ off has a small dent in its bumper, 【 B6】_ obviously means that it is the other driver s fault.Psychologists call this cognitive
3、 dissonancethe stress we experience when we hold two 【B7 】_ beliefs, opinions or attitudes. For example, you might believe you are a kind and【B8】_person, so when you rudely cut someone off, you experience 【B9】_ . To【B10】_with it, you deny your mistake and insist the other driver【B11】_have seen you,
4、or you had the right of way even if you didn t.When we apologize for being wrong, we have to accept this dissonance, and that is【B12】_. On the other hand, research has shown that it can feel good to stick【B13】_our guns. One study found that people who refused to apologize felt more in control than t
5、hose who did not refuse. Feeling【B14】_may be an attractive short-term benefit,【B15】_there are long-term consequences. Refusing to apologize could potentially【B16】_the trust on which a relationship is based. So how exactly do you change your behavior and learn to【B17】_your mistakes? The first step is
6、 to learn to recognize your usual justification and【B18】_.Mr. Okimoto said it also helped to remember that people were often more【B19 】_than you might think. On the flip side, if it is undeniably clear that you are in the wrong, refusing to apologize【B20】_low self-confidence.1 【B1 】（A）realizable（B）
7、inevitable（C） remarkable（D）available2 【B2 】（A）Mistake（B） Failure（C） Trouble（D）Loss3 【B3 】（A）save（B） face（C） conquer（D）control4 【B4 】（A）turn（B） set（C） put（D）seek5 【B5 】（A）give（B） take（C） cut（D）turn6 【B6 】（A）what（B） which（C） that（D）where7 【B7 】（A）contradictory（B） significant（C） similar（D）consistent8 【
8、B8 】（A）sympathetic（B） humble（C） brave（D）fair9 【B9 】（A）regret（B） dissonance（C） guilty（D）pain10 【B10 】（A）finish（B） comply（C） go（D）cope11 【B11 】（A）must（B） would（C） should（D）might12 【B12 】（A）unpleasant（B） unfriendly（C） unconsidered（D）universal13 【B13 】（A）to（B） on（C） out（D）at14 【B14 】（A）positive（B） usefu
9、l（C） wonderful（D）powerful15 【B15 】（A）as（B） and（C） but（D）therefore16 【B16 】（A）jeopardize（B） build（C） betray（D）maintain17 【B17 】（A）discard（B） correct（C） embrace（D）avoid18 【B18 】（A）negotiation（B） motivation（C） rationalization（D）association19 【B19 】（A）creative（B） modest（C） forgiving（D）warmhearted20 【B20
10、 】（A）reveals（B） forges（C） transfers（D）explainsPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Today we re told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. In fact, one-third to one-half of Americans are
11、introverts. If youre not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising, managing, married to, or coupled with one.If these statistics surprise you, that s probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts. Some fool even themselves, until some life event jolts them into taking stock of their
12、true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts.It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal. The archetypal ext
13、rovert works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like to think that we value individuality, but all too often we admire one type of individualthe kind whos comfortable “putting himself out there“. Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any persona
14、lity they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.Introversionalong with its cousins sensitivity, seriousness, and shynessis now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disap
15、pointment and a pathology. Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are discounted because of a trait that goes to the core of who they are.Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style, but weve turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform.The Extrov
16、ert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this research has never been grouped under a single name. Talk active people, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking, more interesting, and more desirable as friends. We rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. E
17、ven the word introvert is stigmatizedone informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found that introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the
18、Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions came from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.21 We can learn from the first two paragraphs that_.（A）most people in America are introvert（B） Americ
19、an people prefer introvert to extrovert（C） your family members or friends may pretend to be extrovert（D）in American society, only the extrovert could succeed22 Many introverts hide their real character because of the following EXCEPT_.（A）we are living in an Extrovert Ideal society（B） both teamwork a
20、nd social activities are suited to the extrovert（C） people only accept one kind of individualthe extrovert（D）gifted loners could be tolerated because of their wealth23 The word “pathology“ in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_.（A）termagancy（B） optimism（C） depression（D）abnormality24 Laurie Helgoe
21、is mentioned in Paragraph 5 to show_.（A）according to a research, the word “introvert“ has been insulted（B） Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many researches（C） psychologist believe that talk active people are smarter and more interesting（D）people believe that fast talkers are more desirable as
22、friends25 Which of the following would be the authors attitude toward introvert?（A）skeptical（B） positive（C） negative（D）disgusted25 Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits. In recent years, scientists have begun to show that being bilingual makes you smarter. It can
23、 have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.Researchers, educators and policy makers in 20 century considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a childs academic an
24、d intellectual development. There is ample evidence that in a bilingual s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forc
25、es the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles. The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain s so-called executive function. These processes include ignoring distractions t
26、o stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mindlike remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Researchers thought the bilingual
27、advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibi
28、tion, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often,“ says Albert Costa, a searcher
29、at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.“ In a study comparing Ger man-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Cost and his colleagues found that the bilin
30、gual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may al
31、so apply to those who learn a second language later in life.26 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the advantage of speaking two languages?（A）Improving other field s cognitive skills.（B） Benefiting to the brain and making people smarter.（C） Protecting against Alzheimer s disease.
32、（D）Enhancing the reactivity and memory.27 The underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 means_.（A）this interference may help develop our brain（B） our brain will face more challenges from bilingual learning（C） bilingual experience could improve speakers comprehension（D）speaking two languages obstructs peopl
33、e s memory of driving28 The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals is that_.（A）the basic ability restrains two languages（B） they pay attention to the changes of their own conditions（C） bilinguals are more efficient and cautious（D）bilinguals are more sensitive to surroundings29 According
34、to the text, which of the following is TRUE?（A）People believe that monolingual learning positively affects the brain.（B） Monolinguals need to neglect brains internal conflict and stay focused.（C） Bilinguals could do better in observing the changes of environment.（D）Bilingual experience affects child
35、ren more than old people.30 What is the most suitable subject of the passage?（A）Bilingual learning could benefit from their ability.（B） Bilingual could work effectively without disturbance.（C） Two active language systems make people smarter.（D）It is never too late to learn a second language.30 The T
36、erm “CYBERSPACE“ was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. In the book Mr. Gibson describes cyberspace as “a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators“ and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human sy
37、stem.“The myriad connections forged by these computing devices have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanitys collective store of knowledge every day. But data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost.The potential
38、damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Americas president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest national-security dangers“ the country is facing.Securing cyberspace is becoming harder. Cyber-security,
39、 which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CEIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intelle
40、ctual-property theft at $445 billiona sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria.There is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including
41、power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible.The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. One is to ensure that organizati
42、ons get the basics of cyber-security right. There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks.Cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment,
43、 will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful.But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses th
44、ey may spot. Hacking used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.31 William Gibson is mentioned to_.（A）tell readers the origin of website（B） demonstrate the earliest use of the Internet（C） introduce the tremendous benefit
45、s to everyone（D）show the prescient in his literally creation32 According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（A）Network threat is the most serious social threat today.（B） The advantages of Internet outweigh the disadvantages.（C） Data leakage becomes increasingly popular on the Internet.（D
46、）Internet fraud has become one of the security dangers.33 The word “sabotage“ in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_.（A）destruction（B） menace（C） persecute（D）plagiary34 In the last two paragraphs, the author worries that_.（A）billions of new devices will be connected to the web（B） crooks and spooks
47、steal financial data and trade secrets（C） some new massive changes of cyber-threats will happen（D）hackers may take advantage of the Internet of things 35 The author s attitude toward hackers is _.（A）skeptical（B） ambiguous（C） negative（D）sympathetic35 The bastion of excellence in American education is
48、 being destroyed by state budget cuts and mounting costs. Whatever else it is, higher education is shot through with waste, lax academic standards and mediocre teaching and scholarship.Higher education is a bloated enterprise. Too many professors do too little teaching to too many ill-prepared stude
49、nts. Costs can be cut and quality improved without reducing the number of graduates. Many colleges and universities should shrink. Some should go out of business.Even so, our system has strengths. It boasts many top-notch schools and allows almost anyone to go to college. But mediocrity is pervasive. We push as many freshmen as possible through the door, regardless of qualifications. We create more graduate
