1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 45 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory cal
2、led the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】 workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2 】 giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect, “ the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】 of being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.Th
3、e idea arose because of the 【B4】 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 【B5 】 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】 what was done in the experiment; 【B7】 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8 】 th
4、at they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】 to alter workers behavior 【B10】 itself.After several decades, the same data were 【B11】 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】 the descriptions on record, no systematic 【B13 】 was found that levels
5、 of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14 】 interpretations of what happened. 【B15】 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 【B16】 rose compared with the previ
6、ous Saturday and 【B17】 to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 【B20】 a plateau and then slackening
7、off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect“ is hard to pin down.1 【B1 】（A）affected（B） achieved（C） extracted（D）restored2 【B2 】（A）at（B） up（C） with（D）off3 【B3 】（A）truth（B） sight（C） act（D）proof4 【B4 】（A）controversial（B） perplexing（C） mischievous（D）ambiguous5 【B5 】（A）requirements（B） explanatio
8、ns（C） accounts（D）assessments6 【B6 】（A）conclude（B） matter（C） indicate（D）work7 【B7 】（A）as far as（B） for fear that（C） in case that（D）so long as8 【B8 】（A）awareness（B） expectation（C） sentiment（D）illusion9 【B9 】（A）suitable（B） excessive（C） enough（D）abundant10 【B10 】（A）about（B） for（C） on（D）by11 【B11 】（A）com
9、pared（B） shown（C） subjected（D）conveyed12 【B12 】（A）Contrary to（B） Consistent with（C） Parallel with（D）Peculiar to13 【B13 】（A）evidence（B） guidance（C） implication（D）source14 【B14 】（A）disputable（B） enlightening（C） reliable（D）misleading15 【B15 】（A）In contrast（B） For example（C） In consequence（D）As usual16
10、【B16 】（A）duly（B） accidentally（C） unpredictably（D）suddenly17 【B17 】（A）failed（B） ceased（C） started（D）continued18 【B18 】（A）Therefore（B） Furthermore（C） However（D）Meanwhile19 【B19 】（A）attempted（B） tended（C） chose（D）intended20 【B20 】（A）breaking（B） climbing（C） surpassing（D）hittingPart ADirections: Read the
11、 following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Universal human rights begin in small places, close to home“. And Tolerance.org, a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center, is helping parents across the country
12、 create homes in which tolerance and understanding are guiding themes. “The goal of nurturing open-minded, empathetic children is a challenging one“, says Jennifer Holladay, director of Tolerance. org. “To cultivate tolerance, parents have to instill in children a sense of empathy, respect and respo
13、nsibilityto oneself and to othersas well as the recognition that every person on earth is a treasure“. Holladay offers several ways parents can promote tolerance:Talk about tolerance. Tolerance education is an ongoing process; it cannot be captured in a single moment. Establish a high comfort level
14、for open dialogue about social issues. Let children know that no subject is taboo. Identify intolerance when children are exposed to it. Point out stereotypes and cultural misinformation depicted in movies, TV shows, computer games and other media. Challenge bias when it comes from friends and famil
15、y members. Do not let the moment pass. Begin with a qualified statement: “Andrew just called people of XYZ faith lunatics. What do you think about that, Zoe?“ Let children do most of the talking. Challenge intolerance when it comes from your children. When a child says or does something that reflect
16、s biases or embraces stereotypes, confront the child: “What makes that joke funny, Jerome?“ Guide the conversation toward internalization of empathy and respect“Mimi uses a walker, honey. How do you think she would feel about that joke?“ or “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last
17、 week?“ Support your children when they are the victims of intolerance. Respect childrens troubles by acknowledging when they become targets of bias.Dont minimize the experience. Provide emotional support and then brainstorm constructive responses. For example, develop a set of comebacks to use when
18、 children are the victims of name-calling. Create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them. Look critically at how a child defines “normal“. Expand the definition. Visit playgrounds where a variety of children are presentpeople of different races, socioeconomic
19、backgrounds, family structures, etc. Encourage a child to spend time with eldersgrandparents, for example. Encourage children to call upon community resources. A child who is concerned about world hunger can volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. The earlier children interact with th
20、e community, the better. This will help convey the lesson that we are not islands unto ourselves. Model the behavior you would like to see. As a parent and as your childs primary role model, be consistent in how you treat others. Remember, you may say, “Do as I say, not as I do“, but actions really
21、do speak louder than words.21 Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tolerance. org?（A）It is a Web site from the Northern Poverty Law Center.（B） It is helping parents across the country create homes for those orphans.（C） The goal is to challenge those intolerant children.（D）It helps parents
22、 cultivate a sense of empathy and responsibility in their children.22 The word “taboo“ (Para. 2) most probably means“_“.（A）intolerance（B） forbidden customs（C） secret dialogues（D）inappropriate issues23 The example of asking “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week?“ is to illu
23、strate that it is indispensable to_.（A）challenge intolerance when it comes from your children（B） identify intolerance when children are exposed to it（C） support your children when they are the victims of intolerance（D）create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from t
24、hem24 According to the passage, children are encouraged to join in many activities other than_.（A）live in homeless shelter（B） spend time with elders（C） volunteer at a local soup kitchen（D）visit playgrounds where a variety of children are present25 According to Jennifer Holladay, who are childrens pr
25、imary role models?（A）Their teachers.（B） Their parents.（C） Their grandparents.（D）Their peers.25 “High tech“ and “state of the art“ are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system o
26、f device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980s. Because of
27、improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc.“State of the art“ is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and techn01ogy. Something that is “state of
28、 the art“ is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.“State of the art“ is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe th
29、e best and most modern way of doing something.Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art“.Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer to
30、day might be old tomorrow. The expression “state of the art“ became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art“.26 What is the purpose of the passage?（A）To tell how “high tech“ and “state of the art“ have developed.（B） To give examples o
31、f high tech.（C） To tell what “high tech“ and “state of the art“ are.（D）To describe very modern technology. 27 What can we infer from the passage?（A）American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people（B） High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.（C） State of the art is no
32、t as popular as “high tech“.（D）A wooden plough pulled by oxen is “state of the art“. 28 All the following examples are high tech EXCEPT_.（A）a microwave oven（B） a home computer（C） a hand pump（D）a satellite 29 Which of the following statements is NOT true?（A）Since the computer revolution, the expressi
33、on “state of the art“ has become popular.（B） State of the art means something that is the best one can buy.（C） With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computer may easily become out of date.（D）All kinds of products are “state of the art“ nowadays. 30 The best title for
34、the passage is_.（A）Computer Technology（B） High Tech and State of the Art（C） Most Advanced Technology（D）Two New Expressions 31 “The essential qualities of a true Pan-Americanism“, remarked Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, “must be the same as those which constitute a good neighbour, namely mutual understa
35、nding and. a sympathetic appreciation of the others point of view.“ That is advice which the United States would do well to heed in its relations with its immediate neighbours, Canada and Mexico. Most Americans may not be aware of it, but frustrations and resentments are building just across their b
36、orders to both south and north.Of course, neighbourly ties in North America are closer than in Roosevelts day. Under the North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA), trade among the three countries has more than doubled since 1994 and cross-border investment climbed even faster. In the aftermath of
37、the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001, the United States moved quickly to sign “smart border“ agreements with both Canada and Mexico, to try to ensure that the demands of security did not interrupt trade. By the standards of much of the 20th century, political ties between the United States a
38、nd Mexico are warm.Yet go to either border and you wouldnt know all this. Fed up with the flow of illegal migrants from the south, the governors of Arizona and New Mexico this month declared a state of emergency. Violence between drug gangs recently led the United States temporarily to close its con
39、sulate in Nuevo Laredo, the busiest border-crossing point. The American ambassador bluntly criticises Mexico for its failure to prevent drug-related violence along the border. That has prompted retaliatory verbal blasts from Mexican officials.Canadas mood is not much more cordial. Since September 11
40、th, Canadians and Americans alike have become less keen on popping over what they liked to call “the worlds longest undefended border“ for shopping or recreation. Canadians increasingly disagree with Americans over matters as varied as the Iraq war and gay marriage. They are disillusioned with NAFTA
41、, claiming it has failed to prevent the United States from unlawfully punishing their exports of, for example, lumber.So what? Friction is in the nature of international relations, and the problems on the northern border are different from those in the south. Yet there is a common denominator. Ameri
42、cans tend to see security, migration, drugs, even trade, as domestic political issues. But so they are for Canada and Mexico too. Like it or not, Americans rely on their neighbours for prosperity, energy and help with security. It behooves all three countries to show some “sympathetic understanding“
43、.31 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _.（A）the essential qualities of a true Pan Americanism were defined by Franklin Roosevelt（B） mutual understanding is one of the most far-reaching elements in North America（C） Few Americans may be aware of others point of view（D）Americas friendship
44、 with Canada and Mexico risks going sour32 Political relationship is discussed in the text so as to _.（A）illustrate Canadas cordial mood toward Mexico and America（B） interpret the improved neighbourly ties in North America（C） foretell the prospect of international relations（D）gauge the flow of illeg
45、al migrants from Mexico33 The term “the south“ in the third paragraph most probably refers to _.（A）the Southern part of America（B） Mexico（C） the Southern hemisphere（D）the South Africa34 According to the text, America and Canada have yet to reach consensus on _.（A）lumber export（B） the Iraq reconstruc
46、tion（C） homo marriage（D）defense of the worlds longest border35 In the last paragraph of the text, the author intends to define _.（A）the friction of the northern border（B） the significance of international ties（C） the difference between Canadians and Mexicans（D）the importance of being good neighbours
47、36 The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginningthe first hours after birth. Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that treating a newborn baby like a small child is not the best procedure. This is especially true of “high risk babies“, a t
48、erm applied to babies that are premature, underweight, or born with major organic defects. They need immediate, imaginative, intensive care and observation, not only for survival but also to help circumvent physical problems which may affect the infant for life. Out of this requirement has developed
49、 a new branch of medicine called neonatology, which is concerned with the first three months of life.Dozens of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn intensive care units, directed by neonatologists and employing equipment and techniques devised specially for tiny patients. One of the greatest aids in these units is an “isolette“an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with portholes for sterile access to the baby. Inside the isolette, sensors placed on the infant make
