1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 151 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Running for the office of the President of the United States is exceptionally arduous and should not be undertaken by the【C1】_hear
2、ted. The candidates must first compete in the local primary elections. During the primary campaign, the candidate endeavors to【 C2】_the votes of his or her constituents. Any new candidates are the opponents【C3 】_the incumbent, the President currently in office who is running for re-election. The can
3、didates refrain from actions that might create animosity【C4】_them and the public. Rather, they attempt to appease their constituency by using promotional gimmicks and ambiguous equivocation, as well as【C5】_decorous protocol. The public is indeed curious about, if not【C6 】_of, the candidates professi
4、onal life, in addition to his or her personal life, which will be under【C7】_scrutiny during the campaign. Since his or her private life becomes public domain, the candidate may【C8】_to disclose any controversial behavior in his or her past before the press digs it up. 【C9】_history has shown us, even
5、a prominent politician can be revealed as a phony. A politician exhibiting scandalous behavior might even be subjected【C10】_censure from his political colleagues. The voters must also【C11】_the political platform of the candidate. The platform includes the core issues【C12 】_the candidate promises to
6、resolve during his or her term in office. Typical campaign promises include establishing【C13】_to reduce bureaucratic red tape. The candidate【C14】_the primary election will be nominated by his or her particular political party to run【C15】_the final election. After toppling the competition, the endors
7、ed candidate is expected to【C16】_a nomination address at the National Convention. The audience is usually rapt and responds【C17】_a standing ovation. The final election【C18】_takes place. The winner will be【C19】_in as the President of the United States during the formal inauguration ceremony. This occ
8、urs in ornate surroundings, replete【C20】_red carpets and the official U. S. seal.1 【C1 】（A）faint（B） meek（C） mild（D）weak2 【C2 】（A）extract（B） gain（C） exist（D）drop3 【C3 】（A）with（B） by（C） for（D）of4 【C4 】（A）by（B） beside（C） between（D）to5 【C5 】（A）observance（B） observing（C） appeal（D）appellation6 【C6 】（A）adv
9、enturous（B） dangerous（C） querulous（D）suspicious7 【C7 】（A）near（B） care（C） close（D）front 8 【C8 】（A）to fit（B） see fit（C） look fit（D）be fit9 【C9 】（A）Contrary（B） Despite（C） As（D）Where10 【C10 】（A）by（B） under（C） to（D）with11 【C11 】（A）consider（B） differ（C） include（D）solve12 【C12 】（A）now（B） which（C） who（D）who
10、se13 【C13 】（A）antecedents（B） ancestors（C） precedents（D）predators14 【C14 】（A）winning（B） championing（C） victorious（D）triumphant15 【C15 】（A）to（B） for（C） around（D）under16 【C16 】（A）begin（B） give（C） mention（D）relate 17 【C17 】（A）for（B） to（C） with（D）at 18 【C18 】（A）however（B） will（C） may（D）then19 【C19 】（A）br
11、ought（B） taken（C） sworn（D）turned20 【C20 】（A）to（B） for（C） at（D）withPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It amazes me when people proclaim that they are bored. Actually, it amazes me that I am ever bored, or that
12、any of us are. With so much to occupy us these days, boredom should be a relic of a bygone agean age devoid of the internet, social media, multi-channel TV, 24-hour shopping, multiplex cinemas, game consoles, texting and whatever other myriad possibilities are available these days to entertain us. Y
13、et despite the plethora of high-iniensity entertainment constantly at our disposal, we are still bored. Up to half of us are “often bored“ at home or at school, while more than two-thirds of us are chronically bored at work. We are bored by paperwork, by the commute and by dull meetings. TV is borin
14、g, as is Facebook and other social media. There are a number of explanations for our ennui. This, in fact, is part of the problemwe are overstimulated. The more entertained we are the more entertainment we need in order to feel satisfied. The more we fill our world with fast-moving, high-intensity,
15、ever-changing stimulation, the more we get used to that and the less tolerant we become of lower levels. Our attention spans are now thought to be less than that of a goldfish ( eight seconds). We are hard-wired to seek novelty, which produces a hit of dopamine, that feel-good chemical, in our brain
16、s. As soon as a new stimulus is noticed, however, it is no longer new, and after a while it bores us. To get that same pleasurable dopamine hit we seek fresh sources of distraction. Our increasing reliance on screentime is also to blame. We seem to live in a varied and exciting world with a wealth o
17、f entertainment at our fingertips, and many of these amusements are obtained in remarkably similar waysvia our fingers. On average we spend six to seven hours in front of our phone, tablet, computer and TV screens every day. The irony is that while our mobile devices should allow us to fill every mo
18、ment, our means of obtaining that entertainment has become so repetitive and routine that its a source of boredom in itself. Research suggests that chronic boredom is responsible for a profusion of negative outcomes such as overeating, gambling, truancy, antisocial behaviour, drug use, accidents, ri
19、sk taking and much more. We need less, not more, stimulation and novelty. It seems paradoxical, but feeling bored in the short term will make us less bored in the long term.21 To the authors surprise, many people today feel bored mainly because_.（A）work, school and life tend to be boring（B） ennui ha
20、s become a thing of the past（C） more entertainment means less excitement（D）means of seeking pleasurable sensations are limited22 The word “ plethora“ in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.（A）surplus（B） deficiency（C） boredom（D）excitement23 Overstimulation has led to the feeling that_.（A）we will ne
21、ed more entertainment to feel satisfied（B） we will fill our world with fast-moving stimulation（C） we will figure out why we always feel bored（D）we will eventually get used to low levels of entertainment24 By citing the example of goldfish, the author intends to show that_.（A）we have a natural abilit
22、y to try out new things（B） we can produce little dopamine, even less than a goldfish（C） we feel bored easily, just as a goldfish does（D）we cannot concentrate on one thing for long25 Which of the following statements is correct according to the text?（A）We will remain bored if we constantly think abou
23、t keeping ourselves entertained.（B） We will never find out how to stay away from feeling bored in the long term.（C） We will be happy and energetic if overeating, gambling, truancy, etc. disappear all together.（D）We will feel less bored if we stop using cellphones and computers for social networking.
24、 25 Humans are startlingly bad at detecting fraud. Even when were on the lookout for signs of deception, studies show, our accuracy is hardly better than chance. Technology has opened the door to new and more pervasive forms of fraud: Americans lose an estimated $ 50 billion a year to con artists a-
25、round the world, according to the Financial Fraud Research Center at Stanford University. But because computers arent subject to the foibles of emotion and what we like to call “intuition,“ they can also help protect us. Heres how leading fraud researchers, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, and comput
26、er scientists think technology can be put to work to fight fraud however it occursin person, online, or over the phone. Spam filters are supposed to block e-mail scams from ever reaching us, but criminals have learned to circumvent them by personalizing their notes with information gleaned from the
27、Internet and by grooming victims over time. In response, a company called ZapFraud is turning to natural-language analytics; Instead of flagging key words, it looks for narrative patterns symptomatic of fraud. For instance, a message could contain a statement of surprise, the mention of a sum of mon
28、ey, and a call to action. “Those are the hallmark expressions of one particular fraud e-mail,“ Markus Jakobsson, the companys founder, told me. “Theres a tremendous number ofspame-mails, but a small number of story lines. “A similar approach could help combat fraud by flagging false statements on so
29、cial media. Kalina Bontcheva, a computer scientist who researches natural-language processing at the University of Sheffield, in England, is leading a project that examines streams of social data to identify rumors and esti mate their veracity by analyzing the semantics, cross-referencing informatio
30、n with trusted sources, identifying the point of origin and pattern of dissemination, and the like. Bontcheva is part of a research collaboration which plans to flag misleading tweets and posts and classify them by severity: speculation, controversy, misinformation, or disinformation.26 What does Pa
31、ragraph 1 say about fraud?（A）It is very hard to crack down on.（B） It is very easy to cast doubt on.（C） It is becoming more annoying.（D）It is apparently on the decline. 27 As far as fraud is concerned, technology_.（A）has sharply reduced the number of its cases（B） has turned the spotlight on its serio
32、usness（C） can be a major obstacle for its investigators（D）can be described as a double-edged sword28 Para. 2 suggests that spam filters will function properly if_.（A）scam messages are precisely targeted at their receivers（B） fundamental security breaches are not remedied（C） an exhaustive list of vic
33、tims is provided to hackers（D）netizens privacy is safeguarded against fraudsters29 By saying “a tremendous number ofspame-mails, but a small number of story lines“ , Mr. Jakobsson probably means that_.（A）tricks are huge in quantity and refined in theories（B） tricks are huge in quantity and restricte
34、d by regulations（C） criminals typically conceive countless projects with old ideas（D）criminals keep coming up with novel ideas to deceive people30 Natural-language analytics can do the followings except_.（A）testifying（B） highlighting（C） categorizing（D）comparing30 It has become a recurring theme, and
35、 worryingly so. Since October 2015, our planet has experienced ten consecutive months of human-influenced, record-breaking temperature increases. The previous October, November, December, January, February, March, April, May and June months were all documented as the warmest Octobers, the warmest Ja
36、nuarys, the warmest Aprils; global heat highs are the hot new trend and the data suggests they are here to stay. According to NASA, July 2016 is not only the warmest July in history, but the warmest month in recorded history. NASA has tallied temperature changes from 1880 to the present day, with it
37、s data showing no signs of a slow-up in rising temperatures. Climate scientists have been perplexed in their attempts to understand the factors pushing the mercury so far up the thermometer this year. El Ninothe phenomenon explaining the unusual warming of surface waters in the east-central zone of
38、the Pacific Oceanhas been tied to increased ocean water temperatures and changes in weather patterns. Important as it is to factor El Nino into the climate change framework, it is highly unlikely that it has contributed significantly to the hurried, upward trend witnessed these past ten months. If a
39、nything, focus on the subsiding effects of El Nino risks detracting attention from the pressure asserted on the climate by human activity. Greenhouse gases continue to bloat the atmosphere, trapping heat as atmospheric escape routes are obscured. Further exacerbating the climate change panic seems t
40、o be an unusually high temperature currently being experienced in the Arctic region. Arctic sea ice is the most vulnerable to climate change, and is now at a new low with ice cover down to 14. 54m sq km. With no clear solution in sight, the ice is destined to continue melting, with longer melting se
41、asons becoming a normal occurrence. The U. S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration have noted a similar trend for the past 14 months, and are expected to release a similar figure for July. Though the rise is expected to taper off towards the end of the year, a scientist drew attenti
42、on to how there is a “99 percent chance of a new annual record in 2016“. As we confront the reality that many of these changes are as a direct consequence of human intervention, it is very possible that without the appropriate response, we could be contending with broken records for years to come. 3
43、1 What has become a major concern recently?（A）The fact that temperatures witnessed marked changes for 10 months in a row.（B） The fact that each month gave way to the previous one in reaching heat highs.（C） The fact that new records in temperature fluctuations were set continuously.（D）The fact that h
44、uman efforts failed to prevent temperatures from going up. 32 Climate scientists_.（A）have made out why earth temperatures are rising（B） have been unsuccessful in tracing weather patterns（C） have had trouble identifying the causes of El Nino（D）have associated El Nino with the recent hot weather33 Acc
45、ording to the passage, El Nino has had an impact on_.（A）the rising temperatures in the past ten months（B） diverting our attention away from human activity（C） dramatically increasing our environmental awareness（D）reminding people to factor it into climate change34 What can be inferred about Arctic se
46、a ice?（A）Scientists use it to curb the global warming trend.（B） Scientists express their deep unease about its melting.（C） It is the crucial factor in understanding climate change.（D）It is a benchmark for monitoring global temperatures. 35 The phrase “taper off“ in the last paragraph most probably m
47、eans_.（A）plunge（B） dwindle（C） descend（D）decelerate35 Using tools doesnt make humans, dolphins, and crows smart. Rather, its the stress and challenge of living with othersrecognizing friend from foe, calculating who to deceive and who to befriendthat led these and other social creatures to evolve the
48、ir cognitive skills. Thats the gist of the social intelligence hypothesis, an idea thats been around since 1966. But does having to remember whose lice need picking actually improve other mental abilities, like figuring out how to open a locked box with a hunk of meat inside? A new study of four car
49、nivorestwo social and two solitary speciessuggests that it does. “Theyve taken an important issue and tested it in a simple but novel way,“ says Richard Byrne, an evolutionary psychologist at The University of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom, who was not involved in the study. “The results are clear; The cognitive benefit from being a social carnivore does transfer“ to a mental ability that has nothin
