1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 47 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Everyone complains that corporate America is【 C1】_to hire additional workers. Far【C2】_attention has been paid to the flip side of t
2、he jobless recovery: the【C3 】_improvement in American productivity.When the economy【C4】_in 2008, there was little of the fall in labor productivity that normally【C5】_a recession, and this was not just a one-off “batting average“ effect(in which average productivity rises because the worst performers
3、 are fired). Rather, it was a productivity boost that has continued【C6】_expert predictions that workers can only be【C7】_so hard for a short while.In the third quarter of 2011, American labor productivity was 2.3% higher than in the same period a year earlier. Manufacturing productivity in that quart
4、er rose by 2. 9% compared with a year earlier. Americas productivity growth has been more【C8 】_than most other rich countriesa feat【C9】_to its flexible labor market and a culture of enterprise.Two things could keep productivity rising. First, workers are terrified of losing their jobs. This makes it
5、 easier to persuade them to put in extra hours or【C10】_new tasks. Second, tough times are forcing firms to【C11 】_every brain cell to become more efficient. Sealed Air, for example, has made numerous incremental tweaks, such as【C12】_a machine that makes absorbent pads for supermarket meat trays so th
6、at its output increased from 400 units per hour three years ago to 550with the same number of workers.The【C13 】_of firms to invest in such enhancements has varied【 C14】_Some would rather hoard cash or buy back their own shares【C15 】 _spend it on more efficient machinery or information technology. Ye
7、t there are【C16】_that leading industrial firms are starting to increase their capital spending, says Jeff Sprague of Vertical Research Partners, a research outfit. In particular, he has noticed firms investing in “debottlenecking“ which,【C17 】_its name suggests, means removing hold-ups in production
8、 processes, sometimes with an additional production line.【C18 】_short, the recession has forced American firms to become more muscular. This should help them【C19】_when the good times return. It should also give them an edge【C20】_foreign rivals.1 【C1 】（A）reluctant（B） responsible（C） required（D）resolut
9、e2 【C2 】（A）much（B） less（C） fewer（D）more3 【C3 】（A）negligible（B） subtle（C） marked（D）slow4 【C4 】（A）slumped（B） stopped（C） soared（D）skyrocketed5 【C5 】（A）accompanies（B） allies（C） adheres（D）attaches6 【C6 】（A）despite（B） regardless（C） though（D）defiance7 【C7 】（A）smashed（B） crashed（C） squeezed（D）spoiled8 【C8 】
10、（A）robust（B） ferocious（C） violent（D）vital9 【C9 】（A）subscribe（B） ascribe（C） inscribe（D）describe10 【C10 】（A）upload（B） underscore（C） shoulder（D）charge11 【C11 】（A）expand（B） broaden（C） strain（D）extend12 【C12 】（A）upgrading（B） repairing（C） reusing（D）recovering13 【C13 】（A）efficiency（B） strength（C） ability（D
11、）willingness14 【C14 】（A）differently（B） enormously（C） completely（D）impressively15 【C15 】（A）except（B） but（C） then（D）than16 【C16 】（A）symbols（B） signs（C） marks（D）prints17 【C17 】（A）what（B） that（C） which（D）as18 【C18 】（A）In（B） By（C） On（D）Of19 【C19 】（A）maintain（B） thrive（C） survive（D）renew20 【C20 】（A）in（B）
12、above（C） beyond（D）overPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In the 1960s pop was a young persons business. But today age is no barrier to success. The Rolling Stones are still touring in their 60s. Bob Dylans son
13、gwriting skills have survived intact. Sir Paul McCartney warbles on.It is time to do for enterprise what such ageing rockers have done for pop music: explode the myth that it is a monopoly of the young. This idea has been powerfully reinforced by the latest tech boom: Facebook, Google and Groupon we
14、re all founded by people in their 20s or teens. Mark Zuckerberg, aged 27, will soon be able to count his years on earth in billions of dollars.Research suggests that age may in fact be an advantage for entrepreneurs. Vivek Wadhwa of Singularity University in California studied more than 500 American
15、 high-tech and engineering companies with more than $ lm in sales. He discovered that the average age of the founders of successful American technology businesses is 39. There were twice as many successful founders over 50 as under 25, and twice as many over 60 as under 20.Experience continues to co
16、unt for a great deal, in business as in other walks of lifeor, to borrow a phrase from P. J. ORourke, age and guile can still beat “youth, innocence and a bad haircut“. It is one thing to invent a clever new product but quite another to hire employees or build a sales machine.And even when it comes
17、to breakthrough ideas, age may still be an asset. Benjamin Jones of Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management and Bruce Weinberg of Ohio State University examined the careers of Nobel Prizewinners in chemistry, physics and medicine. They found that the average age at which these stars ma
18、de their greatest innovations is now higher than it was a century ago.This is not to say that the rise of young entrepreneurs like Mr. Zuckerberg is insignificant. The barriers that once discouraged enterprise among the young are collapsing. Social networks make it easier to build contacts. Knowledg
19、e-intensive industries require relatively little capital. But the fact that barriers are collapsing for the young does not mean that they are being erected for greybeards. The point is that the creation of fast-growing businesses is now open to everybody regardless of age.The evidence that older peo
20、ple are if anything becoming more enterprising should help to calm two of the biggest worries that hang over the West. One is that the greying of the population will inevitably produce economic sluggishness. The second is that older people will face hard times as companies shed older workers in the
21、name of efficiency and welfare states cut back on their pensions.21 The author introduces his topic by_.（A）posing a contrast（B） justifying an assumption（C） explaining a phenomenon（D）making a comparison22 Vivek Wadhwas research found that_.（A）the aged were more likely to start a business than the you
22、ng（B） its hard for a business man to thrive before he is 40 years old（C） the young start-up entrepreneurs are more likely to fail than their old counterparts（D）the older the entrepreneur is, the more likely he is going to succeed in business23 The Nobel Prize winners are mentioned to illustrate that
23、_.（A）age is actually an advantage for technological entrepreneurship（B） experience is one of the prerequisites for innovative ideas（C） the age of scientists winning Nobel Prize is older than it was a century ago（D）age can be an impetus rather than resistance to creative ideas24 The author shows_the
24、success achieved by young entrepreneurs like Mr. Zuckerberg.（A）appreciation for（B） contempt for（C） prejudice against（D）indifference to25 The purpose for the author to write this article seems to_.（A）encourage the old people to enrich their later life（B） attract more venture capitals for the projects
25、 schemed by the old（C） reverse a culture obsessed with youth while neglecting the old（D）ease the widespread concern over aging process in Western countries25 Governments typically use two tools to encourage citizens to engage in civic behavior like paying their taxes, driving safely or recycling the
26、ir garbage: exhortation and fines. These efforts are often ineffective. As every successful parent learns, one way to encourage good behavior, from room-cleaning to tooth-brushing, is to make it fun. Not surprisingly, the same principle applies to adults.In this spirit, the Swedish division of Volks
27、wagen has sponsored an initiative they call The Fun Theory. Their first project is to get people to use a set of stairs rather than the escalator that ran alongside it. By transforming the stairs into a piano-style keyboard such that walking on the steps produced notes, they made using the stairs fu
28、n, and they found that stair use increased by 66 percent.The musical stairs idea is more amusing than practical, so The Fun Theory sponsored a contest to generate other ideas. The winning entry suggested offering both positive and negative reinforcement to encourage safe driving. Specifically, a cam
29、era would measure the speed of passing cars. Speeders would be issued fines but some of the fine revenues would be distributed via lottery to drivers who were observed obeying the speed limit. A short test of the idea offered promising results.This example illustrates an important behavioral point:
30、many people love lotteries. In using lotteries to motivate it is important to get the details right. Participants are likely to find a lottery more enticing if they find out that they would have won. The Dutch government uses this principle very effectively. One of its state lotteries is based on po
31、stal codes. If your postal code is announced as the winner, you know that you would have won had you only bought a ticket. The idea is to play on peoples feelings of regret.Lotteries are just one way to provide positive reinforcement. Their power comes from the fact that the chance of winning the pr
32、ize is overvalued. Of course you can simply pay people for doing the right thing, but if the payment is small, it could well backfire.(If the total non-speeding-prize money had been divided up evenly among all those who drove within speed limit, I estimate that the price paid would have been about 2
33、5 cents per driver. Would anyone bother for that?)An alternative to lotteries is a frequent-flyer-type reward program, where the points can be redeemed for something fun. A free goodie can be a better inducement than cash since it offers that rarest of commodities, a guilt-free pleasure. This sort o
34、f reward system has been successfully used in England to encourage recycling. In the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead outside of London, citizens could sign up for a rewards program in which they earned points depending on the weight of the material they recycled. The points were good for dis
35、counts at merchants in the area. Recycling increased by 35 percent. The moral here is simple. If governments want to encourage good citizenship, they should try making the desired behavior more fun.26 The word exhortation in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（A）persuading（B） arresting（C）
36、 suing（D）rewarding27 The Fun Theory helped to encourage safe driving by_.（A）heavily fining traffic rule violators（B） rewarding those who observe traffic rules（C） channeling part of traffic fines into incentive lotteries（D）setting up a digital supervision system28 Dutch government bases one of their
37、lotteries on postal codes in order to_.（A）make the lottery drawing more fun（B） increases the chances of lottery winning（C） motivate peoples initiative to be involved（D）arouse a sense of regret over misconduct29 Compared with lottery, smallprizes for every good conduct as an incentive to encourage go
38、od citizenship may work_.（A）more fairly（B） less efficiently（C） more justifiably（D）less feasibly30 Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（A）A good understanding of human psychology can help government in policymaking.（B） Rewarding mechanism should replace punishment mecha
39、nism in public management.（C） Frequent-flyer-type reward program is proposed to overcome the defects in lottery reward program.（D）By making good citizenship more fun, the fun theory also makes civic behavior more utilitarian.30 Silicon Valley likes to think of itself as morally exceptional. When Goo
40、gle went public in 2004, the companys founders penned a letter to prospective shareholders that has become the Internet industrys version of the Magna Carta. In it, they pledged that Google was “not a conventional company“ but one focused on “making the world a better place. “Though Silicon Valleys
41、newest billionaires may anoint themselves the saints of American capitalism, theyre beginning to resemble something else entirely: robber barons. Like their predecessors in railroads, steel, banking, and oil a century ago, Silicon Valleys new entrepreneurs are harnessing technology to make the world
42、 more efficient. But along the way, that process is bringing great economic and labor dislocation, as well as an unequal share of the spoils.Take Apples manufacturing practices inChina. By systematically outsourcing the assembly of iPhones and other gadgets to contract manufacturers like Chinas Foxc
43、onn, Apple has reduced its overall cost of production and increased profit margins for shareholders. Thats neither unique nor necessarily evil. Its a practice regularly adopted by all kinds of industries. But establishing an arms-length commercial relationship does not absolve a company from moral r
44、esponsibility for the way its chosen partners treat workers. Labor issues at Foxconn have attracted bad press for some time. It was not until that negative publicity on New York Times last year that Apple took more meaningful action, allowing the Fair Labor Association to conduct special audits of i
45、ts suppliers factories in China.A bigger battle remains to be fought on the privacy front, where Silicon Valleys misdemeanors are even more upsetting. Pushing the boundaries of what is generally considered acceptable, even decent, when it comes to exploiting personal information is a daily sport in
46、the online world. Thats because a tweak here or there to the privacy settings of a social network or a tiny change to the code on a mobile application can mean a world of difference in the value of information an advertiser can access about a usually unaware user. Perhaps swayed by Silicon Valleys a
47、ltruistic spin or slow to catch up with its rapid growth, Washington has, up to now, largely left the industry to regulate itself on privacy. Thats clearly not working. Hardly a day passes without some new revelation of an Internet or mobile company stepping a byte too far into the private business
48、of its customers.The original robber barons had decent intentions when they built railroads to connect Americas emerging cities and drilled oil wells that fueled the nations growth, but their empires still needed to be regulated, reined in, and in some cases broken up by vigilant watchdogs. Lofty wo
49、rds and ideals are fine for motivating employees and even for spurring sales, but they can also serve as cover for motives that clash with the broader interests of consumers and society. We need more than fancy promises to ensure that the rise of the Silicon Valley engineer is good for the world.31 In the authors opinion, entrepreneurs in silicon valleys_.（A）fail to change the world substantially like their
